Device Malfunction in Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Shared Responsibilities of Physician and Manufacturer
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* Ajay K. Wakhloo
* Baruch B. Lieber

… *the war is too important to leave it to the generals, the medicine is too important to leave it to the doctors, the science is too important to leave it to the scientist…*

In this issue of the *AJNR*, Kwon et al describe “technical problems associated with new designs of Guglielmi Detachable coil [GDC]”; namely, device malfunction, such as the spontaneous detachment of GDC coils, coil backsliding into the microcatheter, and protrusion of small proximal parts of coils into the parent vessels after detachment. Only 12 events were reported out of many coils inserted. Unfortunately, the exact number of total coils used is not provided. Kwon et al reported these events in 10 (14.5%) of 69 recently treated patients. None of those patients had an adverse clinical outcome after endovascular treatment. The authors propose that the malfunctions they encountered are associated with the new SynerG GDC system (Boston Scientific/Target, Fremont, CA), particularly with the subtype, the stretch-resistant SR. Other complications, such as thromboembolism, aneurysmal rupture, coil migration, and coil stretching, were excluded from this report.

The authors present a nonstandard in vitro evaluation of both the GDC system and the new SynerG GDC system in which they used different coils (3D, 2D, SR, Soft, Ultrasoft). Manual force was used to bend and fracture the coils during placement in an aneurysmal model rather than by using mechanical testing systems to quantify the force. Coil jamming within the delivery system was also explored. The authors provide some elegant solutions for overcoming these problems in the clinical setting.

The major goal of the SynerG GDC system is to reduce the detachment time from several minutes, with the standard GDC system, to a few seconds, with the SynerG, thus reducing the overall procedural time. As the authors describe in detail, this reduction is achieved by the manufacturer’s modification of the detachment zone. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the major differences between the old and the new system.

Two major forces are involved with coil malfunction, and an experienced interventionalist appreciates the difference:

1. The force required to *push* a coil into the aneurysm is generally high and increases with the amount of coils already placed in the aneurysm. This force, F1, can also be high if coils are pushed through an extremely tortuous vascular system because of increased intracatheter friction. F1 is transmitted through the pusher wire to deploy the coil, but the force is also transmitted to the weakest area of the coil system, which is the detachment zone (Figs 1 and 2), if the coil meets resistance. This may cause the bending or fracturing of the detachment zone as well as a subsequent *premature coil detachment* within the catheter or the aneurysm. The force required to *fracture* the coil within the delivery catheter is higher than is the force exerted during intraaneurysmal coil placement, because the coil is confined within the catheter, and no deflection occurs. A broken coil can be pushed out of the delivery system, depending on the inner lumen of the catheter. An overlapping of the coil pusher and the proximal segment of the coil may occur, depending on the relation of the inner lumen of the catheter to the coil diameter used; this will increase the deployment force.

2. If a coil is *pulled* back for whatever reason, and caught within the aneurysm-coil mass or the delivery catheter, a *stretching* (unraveling) of the coil may occur. The physician recognizes the pull force, F2, the weakest of all forces. Of course, continuous stretching will ultimately lead to fracture of the coil; this requires an extremely high force followed by the sudden drop of said force.

F1 and F2 highlight the vital role of the coil detachment zone and the contradictory requirements for successful coil deployment. On one hand, we require a strong junction. On the other hand, we require a quick detachment time. Some new coil manufacturers attempt to address these issues.

Analysis of all the units returned to the manufacturer (Target/BSC) from clinical sites shows that the number of complaints regarding GDC performance over the past 5 years can be summarized as follows:

Confirmed unintentional detachment or breakage (% of units sold): 

*   1997: 0.06%

*   1998: 0.05%

*   1999: 0.02%

*   2000: 0.02%

*   2001: 0.03%

In addition, the “spontaneous coil detachment” failure mode exemplified by the broken core wire that was reported to have occurred five times in Kwon et al’s investigation has been confirmed to have occurred in fewer than 3% of the GDC centers worldwide. This figure is based on field returns to the manufacturer during 2001.

With regard to multiple coils becoming jammed inside the “14” microcatheters, as cited in the article, most “14” catheters have a nominal inner diameter of 0.017 inch. The nominal inner diameter of GDC-10 coils is 0.010 inch; two GDC-10 coils side by side would total 0.020 inch. It has been demonstrated in Kwon et al’s bench top study that when enough force is used, two such coils can be jammed into the tip of “14” microcatheters. This phenomenon can only be induced ex vivo when the proximal tip of the previous coil is still within the distal tip of the microcatheter and is securely held in place, while the next coil is forced beyond the first coil’s proximal tip. This phenomenon is much more difficult, if not impossible, to induce in a “10” catheter, which generally has a nominal diameter of 0.014 inch. If this problem is repeatedly confronted, one should consider using “10” catheter systems for GDC-10 coil deliveries. Beyond the cases specified by the authors, a total of four such complaints were reported to the manufacturer and confirmed in 2001.

In several of Kwon et al’s reported cases, the authors state that the coils were deployed against significant resistance and subsequently fractured. The GDC device is and has always been delicate; if advanced against sufficient resistance, it will ultimately fracture at its weakest point. The manufacturer’s instructions for use clearly state, “do not advance the coil with force” and “remove the coil if unusual friction or scratching is noted” and “if resistance is noted during GDC coil delivery, remove the catheter-coil system.”

Our experience with the SynerG GDC System (SR, Soft, Ultrasoft) has resulted in only two instances of early coil detachment in over 2000 coils used. So far we have not had coils jam within the delivery catheter. However, toward the end of a coiling procedure, we have frequently seen the microcatheter being pushed out of the aneurysm. We overcome this problem by increasing axial force on the microcatheter, which generally pushes the most proximal part of the coil back into the aneurysm. Kwon et al encountered all of their technical problems by using Excelsior (Target/BSC, Fremont, CA) and Rebar 14 (MTI, CA) catheters. At our institution, we only use Prowler 10 or 14 catheters (Cordis J&J, Miami Lakes, FL). Modification of the most distal part of the Excelsior and Rebar catheters by their respective manufacturers may improve these technical pitfalls. On the basis of information we received, the manufacturer, Target/BSC, has developed certain process enhancements that should further reduce the potential for premature detachment of the GDC coils, which is already occurring at a very low rate.

The treatment of diseases of the human vascular system, including coronary, peripheral, and central nervous system, has reached a turning point. Sophisticated engineering tools and the development of effective drugs have mastered many critical issues and are now used for the treatment of complex vascular diseases through a minimally invasive, catheter-based approach. This endovascular approach has proved beneficial in short- and long-term results and is progressively replacing the standard surgical method. Findings of multicenter randomized trials underscore the effectiveness of endovascular treatments.

As techniques and tools to treat vascular diseases grow more complex, the interdisciplinary approach poses a challenge to scientists, engineers, and physicians who should learn more about each other’s disciplines. This involves the establishment of a forum wherein problems can be openly discussed.

Training physicians how to use endovascular devices and the participation of engineers in the clinical environment is vital. This collaboration is shaping biomedical engineering departments now mushrooming worldwide. As biomedical companies are predominantly involved in the generation of new tools and devices, the flux of information must be improved. The responsibility has to be shared on both sides: physicians should learn more about the materials used, as they are becoming more complex, and biomedical engineering companies should disclose more about the construction of tools and devices to ensure their proper use. Regular training of engineers and physicians and the presence of the manufacturing engineers in mortality and morbidity conferences is imperative for the proper use of endovascular devices, and most importantly, for the safety of our patients.

![Fig 1.](http://www.ajnr.org/http://ajnr-stage2.highwire.org/content/ajnr/23/8/1265/F1.medium.gif)

[Fig 1.](http://www.ajnr.org/content/23/8/1265/F1)

Fig 1. 

![Fig 2.](http://www.ajnr.org/http://ajnr-stage2.highwire.org/content/ajnr/23/8/1265/F2.medium.gif)

[Fig 2.](http://www.ajnr.org/content/23/8/1265/F2)

Fig 2. 

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