Table 2:

Treatments and outcomes stratified by fistula progression

All Subjects (n = 34)Progressive (n = 19)Nonprogressive (n = 15)P Value
Treatments
    Median treatment procedures (25%, 75%)5 (3, 9)3 (2, 4).0068a
    Range treatment procedures2–192–7
    Any surgical treatment63%33%.17b
    Transarterial embolization100%80%.076b
    Transvenous embolization74%67%.72b
    Ethanol embolization84%67%.42b
    Coil embolization89%80%.63b
    PVA embolization74%53%.29b
    Glue embolization42%13%.13b
    Onyx embolizationc11%20%.63b
Outcomes at last follow-up
    Mean follow-up duration4.6 y5.1 y4.0 y.70
    Median (range) follow-up duration2.5 y (56 d to 23 y)3.9 y (58 d to 17 y)1.4 y (56 d to 23 y).37a
    Death16%0%.24b
    Median outcome (normal = 0, deficits/residual fistula = 1, death = 2)1 (0, 1)1 (0, 1).31a
    Median last mRS (25%, 75%)1 (0, 3)1 (0, 3).39a
    Range last mRS0–60–3
    Good outcome (last mRS 0–2)74%73%1.0
    Median change in mRS (25%, 75%)−0.5 (−1, 0)−1 (−1, 0).83a
    Range change mRS−3 to 1−4 to 2

  • Note:—PVA indicates polyvinyl alcohol.

  • ↵a Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test.

  • ↵b Two-sided Fisher exact test.

  • ↵c Covidien, Irvine, California.