Characteristics of the study population (n = 195)a
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | |
| Age (yr) | 80.7 (4.1) |
| Male | 81 (41.5%) |
| Education (>6 yr) | 137 (70.3%) |
| Current smoking | 13 (6.7%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39 (20.0%) |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 17 (8.7%) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 147.5 (20.5) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 81.2 (10.5) |
| Cerebrovascular pathology and brain volumes | |
| WMH volume (mL) | 22.5 (8.1–56.3) |
| Lacunar infarcts presentc | 52 (26.7%) |
| Cerebral microbleeds present | 50 (26.2%) |
| Brain volume total (mL) | 1000.0 (92.7) |
| Gray matter volume (mL) | 497.2 (48.1) |
| White matter volume (mL) | 502.8 (52.5) |
| Microstructural integrity in white and gray matter | |
| Fractional anisotropy | |
| White matter | 0.24 (0.02) |
| Gray matter | 0.17 (0.01) |
| Mean diffusivity (×10−3 mm2/s) | |
| White matter | 1.01 (0.06) |
| Gray matter | 1.15 (0.07) |
| Axial diffusivity (×10−3 mm2/s) | |
| White matter | 1.24 (0.05) |
| Gray matter | 1.34 (0.07) |
| Radial diffusivity (×10−3 mm2/s) | |
| White matter | 0.89 (0.06) |
| Gray matter | 1.05 (0.07) |
| Cognitive and psychological measures | |
| Mini-Mental State Examination | 26.0 (25.0–27.0) |
| Executived | |
| Δ Trail-Making Test (sec)e | 130.8 (66.6) |
| Stroop interference score (sec) | 39.28 (32.7) |
| Memory | |
| 15-Word Verbal Learning Test (words remembered) | |
| Immediate-recall score | 16.7 (5.6) |
| Delayed-recall score | 4.8 (2.8) |
| Visual Association Test (pictures remembered) | 12 (10–12) |
| Psychomotor speed | |
| Letter Digit Substitution Test (digits coded) | 31.0 (9.4) |
| Geriatric Depression Scaled | 1.0 (0–3.0) |
| Apathy Scale of Starksteind | 10.7 (4.4) |
↵a Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or as number (percentage) where appropriate.
↵b Comprises myocardial infarction or a coronary intervention procedure ≥3 years ago or peripheral artery disease.
↵c Missing for n = 4 participants.
↵d Higher scores indicate worse functioning.
↵e Δ Trail-Making Test denotes difference between Trail-Making Test-B and Trail-Making Test-A.