Table 1:

Summary of included studies for aims 1 and 2

Study	Imaging Technique	Intervention vs Comparator	Study Inclusion
Study	Imaging Technique	Intervention vs Comparator	Aim 1 Intervention Characteristics	Aim 2 Intervention Effectiveness
1) Ash et al, 2008¹⁹	MR imaging	Patients and physicians were blinded to imaging results vs standard care	Yes	Yes
2) Karran et al, 2018²²	CT or MR imaging	Educational intervention vs standard spinal clinic consultation	Yes	Yes
3) Jarvik et al, 2020²¹ Marcum et al, 2021²⁵Suri et al, 2021²⁶	X-ray, CT, or MR imaging	Prevalence information in imaging report vs standard report	Yes	Yes
4) Rajasekaran et al, 2021²⁷	MR imaging	Patients reassured imaging findings were normal vs factual explanation of imaging findings	Yes	Yes
5) Weeks et al, 2020²⁴	MR imaging	Prevalence information in imaging report vs standard report	Yes	Yes
6) Fried et al, 2018²⁰	MR imaging	Prevalence information in imaging report vs standard report	Yes	No
7) McCullough et al, 2012²³	MR imaging	Prevalence information in imaging report vs standard report	Yes	No