Research ArticleBRAIN
Diffuse Axonal Injury Associated with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence from T2*-weighted Gradient-echo Imaging at 3 T
Rainer Scheid, Cristoph Preul, Oliver Gruber, Christopher Wiggins and D. Yves von Cramon
American Journal of Neuroradiology June 2003, 24 (6) 1049-1056;
Rainer Scheid
Cristoph Preul
Oliver Gruber
Christopher Wiggins

References
- ↵Atlas SW, Mark AS, Grossman RI, Gomori JM. Intracranial haemorrhage: gradient-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T. Comparison with spin-echo imaging and clinical applications. Radiology 1988;168:803–807
- Bradley WG Jr. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 1993;189:15–26
- ↵Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Roob G, et al. Histopathologic analysis of foci of signal loss on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MR images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:637–642
- ↵Edelman RR, Johnson K, Buxton R, et al. MR of hemorrhage: a new approach. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986;7:751–756
- ↵Roob G, Kleinert R, Seifert T, et al. MRI evidence of cerebral microbleeds: comparative histopathologic data and possible clinical implications. Nervenarzt 1999;70:1082–1087
- ↵Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF, et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:1583–1589
- ↵Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. Intracranial haematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985;157:87–93
- ↵Pierallini A, Pantano P, Fantozzi LM, et al. Correlation between MRI findings and long-term outcome in patients with severe brain trauma. Neuroradiology 2000;42:860–867
- ↵Yanagawa Y, Tsushima Y, Tokumaru A, et al. A quantitative analysis of head injury using T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging. J Trauma 2000;49:272–277
- ↵Graham DI, Gennarelli TA. Trauma. In: Graham DI, Lantos PI, eds. Greenfield’s Neuropathology. 6th ed. London: Arnold;1997 :197–262
- ↵Graham DI, Gennarelli TA. Pathology of brain damage after head injury. In: Cooper PR, Golfinos JG, eds. Head Injury. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;2000 :133–153
- ↵Meythaler JM, Peduzzi JD, Eleftheriou E, Novack TA. Current concepts: diffuse axonal injury-associated traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1461–1471
- ↵Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, et al. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 1982;12:564–574
- Gentleman SM, Nash MJ, Sweeting CJ, Graham DI, Roberts GW. β-Amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) as a marker of diffuse axonal injury after head injury. Neurosci Lett 1993;160:139–144
- Sherriff FE, Bridges LR, Sivaloganathan S. Early detection of axonal injury after human head trauma using immunocytochemistry for beta-amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1994;87:55–62
- Leclercq PD, McKenzie JE, Graham DI, Gentleman SM. Axonal injury is accentuated in the caudal corpus callosum of head-injured patients. J Neurotrauma 2001;18:1–19
- Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol 1992;2:1–12
- ↵Maxwell WL, Povlishock JT, Graham DL. A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: a review. J Neurotrauma 1997;14:419–440
- ↵Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology 1989;15:49–59
- ↵Yokota H, Kurokawa A, Otsuka T, Kobayashi S, Nakazawa S. Significance of magnetic resonance imaging in acute head injury. J Trauma 1991;31:351–357
- ↵Gentry LR, Godersky JC, Thompson B. MR imaging of head trauma: review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988;150:663–672
- Kampfl A, Schmutzhard E, Franz G, et al. Prediction of recovery from post-traumatic vegetative state with cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Lancet 1998;351:1763–1767
- Gentry LR. Imaging of closed head injury. Radiology 1994;191:1–17
- ↵Gentry LR, Godersky GC, Thompson B, Dunn VD. Prospective comparative study of intermediate-field MR and CT in the evaluation of closed head trauma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;150:673–682
- ↵Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974;2:81–84
- ↵Jennet B, Snoeck J, Bond MR, Brooks N. Disability after severe head injury: observations on the use of Glasgow Outcome Scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981;44:285–293
- ↵Katz DI, Alexander MP. Traumatic brain injury: predicting course of recovery and outcome for patients admitted to rehabilitation. Arch Neurol 1994;51:661–670
- ↵Norris DG. Reduced power multislice MDEFT imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000;11:445–451
- ↵Roob G, Schmidt R, Kapeller P, Lechner A, Hartung HP, Fazekas F. MRI evidence of past cerebral microbleeds in a healthy elderly population. Neurology 1999;52:991–997
- Greenberg SM, Finklestein SP, Schaefer PW. Petechial hemorrhages accompanying lobar hemorrhage: detection by gradient-echo MRI. Neurology 1996;46:1751–1754
- Greenberg SM, O’Donnell HC, Schaefer PW, Kraft E. MRI detection of new hemorrhages: potential marker of progression in cerebral amyloidangiopathy. Neurology 1999;53:1135–1141
- Kinoshita T, Okudera T, Tamura H, Ogawa T, Hatazawa J. Assessment of lacunar hemorrhage associated with hypertensive stroke by echo-planar gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI. Stroke 2000;31:1646–1650
- ↵Tsushima Y, Tanizaki Y, Aoki J, Endo K. MR detection of microhemorrhages in neurologically healthy adults. Neuroradiology 2002;44:31–36
- ↵Cohen JA. Coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960;20:37–46
- ↵Fleiss JL. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley;1981 :321
- ↵Kendall MG, Gibbons JD. Rank Correlation Methods. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press;1990 :260
- ↵Gentry LR, Thompson B, Godersky JC. Trauma to the corpus callosum: MR features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;9:1129–1138
- ↵Munoz DG, Hastak SM, Harper B, Lee D, Hachinski VC. Pathologic correlates of increased signals of the centrum ovale on magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 1993;50:492–497
- ↵Bowen BC, Barker WW, Loewenstein DA, Sheldon J, Duara R. MR signal abnormalities in memory disorder and dementia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990;154:1285–1292
- ↵Adams JH, Doyle D, Graham DI, et al. Deep intracerebral (basal ganglia) haematomas in fatal non-missile head injury in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:1039–1043
- ↵Tomlinson BE. Brain-stem lesions after head injury. J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol) 1970;4:154–165
- ↵Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975;1:480–484
- ↵Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA, Maxwell WL. Diffuse axonal injury in non-missile head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:481–483
- ↵Wilson JT, Hadley DM, Wiedmann KD, Teasdale GM. Neuropsychological consequences of two patterns of brain damage shown by MRI in survivors of severe head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;59:328–331
- ↵Wallesch CW, Curio N, Galazky I, Jost S, Synowitz H. The neuropsychology of blunt head injury in the early postacute stage: effects of focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2001;18:11–20
- ↵Wallesch CW, Curio N, Kutz S, Jost S, Bartels C, Synowitz H. Outcome after mild-to-moderate blunt head injury: effects of focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. Brain Inj 2001;15:401–412
In this issue
Advertisement
Rainer Scheid, Cristoph Preul, Oliver Gruber, Christopher Wiggins, D. Yves von Cramon
Diffuse Axonal Injury Associated with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence from T2*-weighted Gradient-echo Imaging at 3 T
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jun 2003, 24 (6) 1049-1056;
0 Responses
Jump to section
Related Articles
- No related articles found.
Cited By...
- Cerebral microbleeds: from depiction to interpretation
- Maximum AmbiGuity Distance for Phase Imaging in Detection of Traumatic Cerebral Microbleeds: An Improvement over Current Imaging Practice
- Concussion is confusing us all
- Susceptibility-weighted MRI in mild traumatic brain injury
- Damage to the Salience Network and Interactions with the Default Mode Network
- A longitudinal MRI study of traumatic axonal injury in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
- Default Mode Network Connectivity Predicts Sustained Attention Deficits after Traumatic Brain Injury
- Cerebral Microbleeds Are Predictive of Mortality in the Elderly
- Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging in Children with Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation and Their Siblings
- Compensatory cortical activation during performance of an attention task by patients with diffuse axonal injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
- A review of structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging
This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
More in this TOC Section
Similar Articles
Advertisement