Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of MR Imaging

References

1. ↵
   Horowitz AL, Kaplan RD, Grewe G, et al. The ovoid lesion: a new MR observation in patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10:303–05

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. ↵
   Ge Y, Law M, Herbert J, et al. Prominent perivenular spaces in multiple sclerosis as a sign of perivascular inflammation in primary demyelination. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:2316–19

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. ↵
   Adams CW, Abdulla YH, Torres EM, et al. Periventricular lesions in multiple sclerosis: their perivenous origin and relationship to granular ependymitis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1987;13:141–52

   CrossRefPubMed
4. ↵
   Paolillo A, Giugni E, Bozzao A, et al. [Fast spin echo and fast fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences in multiple sclerosis]. Radiol Med (Torino) 1997;93:686–91

   PubMed
5. ↵
   Bo L, Vedeler CA, Nyland H, et al. Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration. Mult Scler 2003;9:323–31

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. ↵
   Tien RD, Hesselink JR, Szumowski J. MR fat suppression combined with Gd-DTPA enhancement in optic neuritis and perineuritis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991;15:223–27

   PubMedWeb of Science
7. ↵
   Onofrj M, Tartaro A, Thomas A, et al. Long echo time STIR sequence MRI of optic nerves in optic neuritis. Neuroradiology 1996;38:66–69

   CrossRefPubMed
8. ↵
   Truyen L, van Waesberghe JH, van Walderveen MA, et al. Accumulation of hypointense lesions (“black holes”) on T1 spin-echo MRI correlates with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996;47:1469–76

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. ↵
   Grossman RI, Braffman BH, Brorson JR, et al. Multiple sclerosis: serial study of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1988;169:117–22

   PubMedWeb of Science
10. ↵
    Kermode AG, Tofts PS, Thompson AJ, et al. Heterogeneity of blood-brain barrier changes in multiple sclerosis: an MRI study with gadolinium-DTPA enhancement. Neurology 1990;40:229–35

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
11. ↵
    He J, Grossman RI, Ge Y, et al. Enhancing patterns in multiple sclerosis: evolution and persistence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:664–69

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
12. ↵
    Guttmann CR, Ahn SS, Hsu L, et al. The evolution of multiple sclerosis lesions on serial MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1481–91

    Abstract
13. ↵
    Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Frequin ST, et al. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: sequential enhanced MR imaging vs clinical findings in determining disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:1041–47

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. ↵
    McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001;50:121–27

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. ↵
    Keiper MD, Grossman RI, Hirsch JA, et al. MR identification of white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: a comparison between 1.5T and 4T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1489–93

    Abstract
16. ↵
    Wolansky LJ, Bardini JA, Cook SD, et al. Triple-dose versus single-dose gadoteridol in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimaging 1994;4:141–45

    PubMed
17. ↵
    Sardanelli F, Iozzelli A, Losacco C, et al. Three subsequent single doses of gadolinium chelate for brain MR imaging in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:658–62

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. ↵
    Peterson JW, Bo L, Mork S, et al. Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 2001;50:389–400

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    Simon JH, Scherzinger A, Raff U, et al. Computerized method of lesion volume quantitation in multiple sclerosis: error of serial studies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:580–82

    Abstract
20. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK, et al. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) treatment in relapsing-remitting MS: quantitative MR assessment. Neurology 2000;54:813–17

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
21. Oliveri RL, Valentino P, Russo C, et al. Randomized trial comparing two different high doses of methylprednisolone in MS: a clinical and MRI study. Neurology 1998;50:1833–36

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. ↵
    Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: the EVIDENCE Trial. Neurology 2002;59:1496–506

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
23. ↵
    McFarland HF, Stone LA, Calabresi PA, et al. MRI studies of multiple sclerosis: implications for the natural history of the disease and for monitoring effectiveness of experimental therapies. Mult Scler 1996;2:198–205

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK, et al. Magnetization transfer ratio histogram analysis of normal-appearing gray matter and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002;26:62–68

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. ↵
    Miki Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK, et al. Computer-assisted quantitation of enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical classification. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:705–10

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. ↵
    Filippi M, Horsfield MA, Tofts PS, et al. Quantitative assessment of MRI lesion load in monitoring the evolution of multiple sclerosis. Brain 1995;118:1601–12

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
27. ↵
    Kurtzke JF. Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983;1444–52
28. ↵
    Filippi M, Horsfield MA, Hajnal JV, et al. Quantitative assessment of magnetic resonance imaging lesion load in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64(suppl 1):S88–93
29. ↵
    Miller DH, Barkhof F, Frank JA, et al. Measurement of atrophy in multiple sclerosis: pathological basis, methodological aspects and clinical relevance. Brain 2002;125:1676–95

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. ↵
    Dietemann JL, Beigelman C, Rumbach L, et al. Multiple sclerosis and corpus callosum atrophy: relationship of MRI findings to clinical data. Neuroradiology 1988;30:478–80

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. ↵
    Brex PA, Jenkins R, Fox NC, et al. Detection of ventricular enlargement in patients at the earliest clinical stage of MS. Neurology 2000;54:1689–91

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
32. ↵
    Xu J, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S, et al. Gender effects on age-related changes in brain structure. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:112–18

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
33. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK, et al. Brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: longitudinal quantitative analysis. Radiology 2000;214:665–70

    PubMedWeb of Science
34. Fox NC, Jenkins R, Leary SM, et al. Progressive cerebral atrophy in MS: a serial study using registered, volumetric MRI. Neurology 2000;54:807–12

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
35. ↵
    Kalkers NF, Ameziane N, Bot JC, et al. Longitudinal brain volume measurement in multiple sclerosis: rate of brain atrophy is independent of the disease subtype. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1572–76

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
36. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Babb JS, et al. Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part I. Volumetric MR imaging analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:1327–33

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
37. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK, et al. Brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: fractional volumetric analysis of gray matter and white matter. Radiology 2001;220:606–10

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. ↵
    Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, et al. Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2000;123:1845–49

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
39. ↵
    Leigh R, Ostuni J, Pham D, et al. Estimating cerebral atrophy in multiple sclerosis patients from various MR pulse sequences. Mult Scler 2002;8:420–29

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
40. ↵
    Rao AB, Richert N, Howard T, et al. Methylprednisolone effect on brain volume and enhancing lesions in MS before and during IFNbeta-1b. Neurology 2002;59:688–94

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
41. ↵
    Sastre-Garriga J, Ingle GT, Chard DT, et al. Grey and white matter volume changes in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Brain 2005;128:1454–60

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
42. ↵
    Dalton CM, Chard DT, Davies GR, et al. Early development of multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive grey matter atrophy in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes. Brain 2004;127:1101–07

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
43. ↵
    Molyneux PD, Kappos L, Polman C, et al. The effect of interferon beta-1b treatment on MRI measures of cerebral atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: European Study Group on Interferon Beta-1b in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Brain 2000;123:2256–63

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
44. ↵
    Rudick RA, Fisher E, Lee JC, et al. Brain atrophy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: relationship to relapses, EDSS, and treatment with interferon beta-1a. Mult Scler 2000;6:365–72

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
45. ↵
    Kalkers NF, Bergers E, Castelijns JA, et al. Optimizing the association between disability and biological markers in MS. Neurology 2001;57:1253–58

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
46. ↵
    Grossman RI. Magnetization transfer in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994;36(suppl):S97–99

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
47. ↵
    Dousset V, Grossman RI, Ramer KN, et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology 1992;182:483–91

    PubMedWeb of Science
48. ↵
    Grossman RI, Gomori JM, Ramer KN, et al. Magnetization transfer: theory and clinical applications in neuroradiology. Radiographics 1994;14:279–90

    PubMedWeb of Science
49. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Babb JS, et al. Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part II. Quantitative magnetization transfer ratio histogram analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:1334–41

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
50. ↵
    Brochet B, Dousset V. Pathological correlates of magnetization transfer imaging abnormalities in animal models and humans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999;53(5 suppl 3):S12–17
51. ↵
    Engelbrecht V, Rassek M, Preiss S, et al. Age-dependent changes in magnetization transfer contrast of white matter in the pediatric brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1923–29

    Abstract
52. ↵
    van Buchem MA, Steens SC, Vrooman HA, et al. Global estimation of myelination in the developing brain on the basis of magnetization transfer imaging: a preliminary study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:762–66

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
53. ↵
    Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Jackson DE Jr, et al. Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1988;166:173–80

    PubMedWeb of Science
54. ↵
    Loevner LA, Grossman RI, McGowan JC, et al. Characterization of multiple sclerosis plaques with T1-weighted MR and quantitative magnetization transfer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1473–79

    Abstract
55. ↵
    Petrella JR, Grossman RI, McGowan JC, et al. Multiple sclerosis lesions: relationship between MR enhancement pattern and magnetization transfer effect. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:1041–49

    Abstract
56. ↵
    Guo AC, Jewells VL, Provenzale JM. Analysis of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis: comparison of diffusion tensor MR imaging and magnetization transfer imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1893–900

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
57. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Babb JS, et al. Dirty-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis: volumetric MR imaging and magnetization transfer ratio histogram analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1935–40

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
58. ↵
    Mehta RC, Pike GB, Enzmann DR. Measure of magnetization transfer in multiple sclerosis demyelinating plaques, white matter ischemic lesions, and edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:1051–55

    Abstract
59. ↵
    Gass A, Barker GJ, Kidd D, et al. Correlation of magnetization transfer ratio with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994;36:62–67

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
60. ↵
    Grossman RI, McGowan JC. Perspectives on multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1251–65

    PubMedWeb of Science
61. ↵
    Loevner LA, Grossman RI, Cohen JA, et al. Microscopic disease in normal-appearing white matter on conventional MR images in patients with multiple sclerosis: assessment with magnetization-transfer measurements. Radiology 1995;196:511–15

    PubMedWeb of Science
62. ↵
    Filippi M, Campi A, Dousset V, et al. A magnetization transfer imaging study of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1995;45:478–82

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
63. ↵
    De Groot CJ, Bergers E, Kamphorst W, et al. Post-mortem MRI-guided sampling of multiple sclerosis brain lesions: increased yield of active demyelinating and (p)reactive lesions. Brain 2001;124:1635–45

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
64. ↵
    Filippi M, Rocca MA, Martino G, et al. Magnetization transfer changes in the normal appearing white matter precede the appearance of enhancing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998;43:809–14

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
65. ↵
    Pike GB, De Stefano N, Narayanan S, et al. Multiple sclerosis: magnetization transfer MR imaging of white matter before lesion appearance on T2-weighted images. Radiology 2000;215:824–30

    PubMedWeb of Science
66. ↵
    Catalaa I, Grossman RI, Kolson DL, et al. Multiple sclerosis: magnetization transfer histogram analysis of segmented normal-appearing white matter. Radiology 2000;216:351–55

    PubMedWeb of Science
67. ↵
    Silver NC, Lai M, Symms MR, et al. Serial magnetization transfer imaging to characterize the early evolution of new MS lesions. Neurology 1998;51:758–64

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
68. ↵
    Barkhof F, Bruck W, De Groot CJ, et al. Remyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance image appearance. Arch Neurol 2003;60:1073–81

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
69. ↵
    van Buchem MA, Udupa JK, McGowan JC, et al. Global volumetric estimation of disease burden in multiple sclerosis based on magnetization transfer imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1287–90

    Abstract
70. ↵
    van Buchem MA, Grossman RI, Armstrong C, et al. Correlation of volumetric magnetization transfer imaging with clinical data in MS. Neurology 1998;50:1609–17

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
71. ↵
    Rovaris M, Filippi M, Falautano M, et al. Relation between MR abnormalities and patterns of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998;50:1601–08

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
72. ↵
    Filippi M, Iannucci G, Tortorella C, et al. Comparison of MS clinical phenotypes using conventional and magnetization transfer MRI. Neurology 1999;52:588–94

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
73. ↵
    Filippi M, Inglese M, Rovaris M, et al. Magnetization transfer imaging to monitor the evolution of MS: a 1-year follow-up study. Neurology 2000;55:940–46

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
74. ↵
    Catalaa I, Fulton JC, Zhang X, et al. MR imaging quantitation of gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis and its correlation with disability measures and neurocognitive testing. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1613–18

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
75. ↵
    Kidd D, Barkhof F, McConnell R, et al. Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1999;122:17–26

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
76. ↵
    Ge Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK, et al. Magnetization transfer ratio histogram analysis of gray matter in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:470–75

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
77. ↵
    Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson B 1994;103:247–54

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
78. ↵
    Le Bihan D. Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR Biomed 1995;8:375–86

    PubMedWeb of Science
79. ↵
    Basser PJ, Pajevic S, Pierpaoli C, et al. In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:625–32

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
80. ↵
    Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000;47:707–17

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
81. ↵
    Filippi M, Inglese M. Overview of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance studies in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2001;186(suppl 1):S37–43
82. ↵
    Heide AC, Richards TL, Alvord EC Jr, et al. Diffusion imaging of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Magn Reson Med 1993;29:478–84

    PubMedWeb of Science
83. ↵
    Richards TL, Alvord EC Jr, He Y, et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in non-human primates: diffusion imaging of acute and chronic brain lesions. Mult Scler 1995;1:109–17

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
84. ↵
    Droogan AG, Clark CA, Werring DJ, et al. Comparison of multiple sclerosis clinical subgroups using navigated spin echo diffusion-weighted imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 1999;17:653–61

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
85. ↵
    Filippi M, Iannucci G, Cercignani M, et al. A quantitative study of water diffusion in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter using echo-planar imaging. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1017–21

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
86. ↵
    Roychowdhury S, Maldjian JA, Grossman RI. Multiple sclerosis: comparison of trace apparent diffusion coefficients with MR enhancement pattern of lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:869–74

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
87. ↵
    Castriota Scanderbeg A, Tomaiuolo F, Sabatini U, et al. Demyelinating plaques in relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: assessment with diffusion MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:862–68

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
88. ↵
    Bammer R, Augustin M, Strasser-Fuchs S, et al. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging for characterizing diffuse and focal white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:583–91

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
89. ↵
    Werring DJ, Clark CA, Barker GJ, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999;52:1626–32

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
90. Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Fasano F, Hagberg G, et al. Coefficient D(av) is more sensitive than fractional anisotropy in monitoring progression of irreversible tissue damage in focal nonactive multiple sclerosis lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:663–70

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
91. ↵
    Filippi M, Cercignani M, Inglese M, et al. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001;56:304–11

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
92. ↵
    Guo AC, MacFall JR, Provenzale JM. Multiple sclerosis: diffusion tensor MR imaging for evaluation of normal-appearing white matter. Radiology 2002;222:729–36

    PubMedWeb of Science
93. ↵
    Caramia F, Pantano P, Di Legge S, et al. A longitudinal study of MR diffusion changes in normal appearing white matter of patients with early multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Imaging 2002;20:383–88

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
94. ↵
    Griffin CM, Chard DT, Ciccarelli O, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2001;7:290–97

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
95. ↵
    Ge Y, Law M, Johnson G, et al. Preferential occult injury of corpus callosum in multiple sclerosis measured by diffusion tensor imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;20:1–7

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
96. ↵
    Ciccarelli O, Werring DJ, Barker GJ, et al. A study of the mechanisms of normal-appearing white matter damage in multiple sclerosis using diffusion tensor imaging: evidence of Wallerian degeneration. J Neurol 2003;250:287–92

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
97. ↵
    Evangelou N, Esiri MM, Smith S, et al. Quantitative pathological evidence for axonal loss in normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2000;47:391–95

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
98. ↵
    Song SK, Sun SW, Ju WK, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia. Neuroimage 2003;20:1714–22

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
99. ↵
    Miller DH, Albert PS, Barkhof F, et al. Guidelines for the use of magnetic resonance techniques in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis: US National MS Society Task Force. Ann Neurol 1996;39:6–16

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
100. ↵
     Rovaris M, Gass A, Bammer R, et al. Diffusion MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005;65:1526–32

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
101. ↵
     Wilson M, Morgan PS, Lin X, et al. Quantitative diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral atrophy, and disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:318–22

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
102. ↵
     Ciccarelli O, Werring DJ, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, et al. Investigation of MS normal-appearing brain using diffusion tensor MRI with clinical correlations. Neurology 2001;56:926–33

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
103. ↵
     Cercignani M, Bozzali M, Iannucci G, et al. Magnetisation transfer ratio and mean diffusivity of normal appearing white and grey matter from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:311–17

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
104. ↵
     Rovaris M, Iannucci G, Falautano M, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with mildly disabling relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an exploratory study with diffusion tensor MR imaging. J Neurol Sci 2002;195:103–09

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
105. ↵
     Ge Y, Tuvia K, Law M, et al. Corticospinal tract degeneration in brainstem in patients with multiple sclerosis: evaluation with diffusion tensor tractography. Intern Soc Magn Reson Med;2005;394
106. ↵
     Soohoo S, Ge Y, Law M, et al. Lesional fractional anisotropy, diffusivity and fiber tractography in patients with multiple sclerosis with DTI at 3 Tesla. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology2005;Toronto:108
107. ↵
     Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, et al. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:278–85

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
108. ↵
     Law M, Saindane AM, Ge Y, et al. Microvascular abnormality in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: perfusion MR imaging findings in normal-appearing white matter. Radiology 2004;231:645–52

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
109. ↵
     Adams CW, Poston RN, Buk SJ, et al. Inflammatory vasculitis in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1985;69:269–83

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
110. ↵
     Putnam TJ. Evidences of vascular occlusion in multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis. Arch Neurol Neuropsychol 1935;1298–321
111. ↵
     Lassmann H. Hypoxia-like tissue injury as a component of multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neurol Sci 2003;206:187–91

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
112. ↵
     Wakefield AJ, More LJ, Difford J, et al. Immunohistochemical study of vascular injury in acute multiple sclerosis. J Clin Pathol 1994;47:129–33

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
113. ↵
     Haselhorst R, Kappos L, Bilecen D, et al. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging of plaque development in multiple sclerosis: application of an extended blood-brain barrier leakage correction. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000;11:495–505

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
114. ↵
     Wuerfel J, Bellmann-Strobl J, Brunecker P, et al. Changes in cerebral perfusion precede plaque formation in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal perfusion MRI study. Brain 2004;127:111–19

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
115. ↵
     Ge Y, Law M, Johnson G, et al. Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging of multiple sclerosis lesions: characterizing hemodynamic impairment and inflammatory activity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:1539–47

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
116. ↵
     Davie CA, Hawkins CP, Barker GJ, et al. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1994;117:49–58

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
117. ↵
     De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Arnold DL. Reversible decreases in N-acetylaspartate after acute brain injury. Magn Reson Med 1995;34:721–27

     PubMedWeb of Science
118. ↵
     Arnold DL, Matthews PM, Francis GS, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for metabolic characterization of demyelinating plaques. Ann Neurol 1992;31:235–41

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
119. ↵
     Bitsch A, Bruhn H, Vougioukas V, et al. Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1619–27

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
120. ↵
     Rovira A, Pericot I, Alonso J, et al. Serial diffusion-weighted MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy of acute large demyelinating brain lesions: case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:989–94

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
121. ↵
     De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Antel JP, et al. Chemical pathology of acute demyelinating lesions and its correlation with disability. Ann Neurol 1995;38:901–09

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
122. ↵
     Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA, Fenstermacher MJ. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1990;40:1764–69

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
123. ↵
     Kapeller P, Ropele S, Enzinger C, et al. Discrimination of white matter lesions and multiple sclerosis plaques by short echo quantitative (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurol 2005;252:1229–34

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
124. ↵
     De Stefano N, Bartolozzi ML, Guidi L, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a measure of brain damage in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2005;233:203–08

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
125. ↵
     Narayana PA, Doyle TJ, Lai D, et al. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative lesion volumetry in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998;43:56–71

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
126. ↵
     Tartaglia MC, Narayanan S, De Stefano N, et al. Choline is increased in pre-lesional normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002;249:1382–90

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
127. ↵
     Casanova B, Martinez-Bisbal MC, Valero C, et al. Evidence of Wallerian degeneration in normal appearing white matter in the early stages of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a HMRS study. J Neurol 2003;250:22–28

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
128. ↵
     Khan O, Shen Y, Caon C, et al. Axonal metabolic recovery and potential neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005;11:646–51

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
129. ↵
     Gonen O, Catalaa I, Babb JS, et al. Total brain N-acetylaspartate: a new measure of disease load in MS. Neurology 2000;54:15–19

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
130. ↵
     Gonen O, Moriarty DM, Li BS, et al. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and whole-brain N-acetylaspartate measurement: evidence for different clinical cohorts initial observations. Radiology 2002;225:261–68

     PubMedWeb of Science
131. ↵
     Ge Y, Gonen O, Inglese M, et al. Neuronal cell injury precedes brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;62:624–27

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
132. ↵
     Bakshi R, Benedict RH, Bermel RA, et al. T2 hypointensity in the deep gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 2002;59:62–68

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
133. ↵
     Ge Y, Jensen JH, Inglese M, et al. Iron accumulation in the deep gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis measured by magnetic field correlation. In: Proceedings of the Radiological Society of North America; Chicago,2005 :563
134. ↵
     Ikuta F, Zimmerman HM. Distribution of plaques in seventy autopsy cases of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Neurology 1976;26:26–28

     FREE Full Text
135. ↵
     Tartaglino LM, Friedman DP, Flanders AE, et al. Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters. Radiology 1995;195:725–32

     PubMedWeb of Science
136. ↵
     Losseff NA, Webb SL, O’Riordan JI, et al. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis: a new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression. Brain 1996;119:701–08

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
137. ↵
     Lycklama G, Thompson A, Filippi M, et al. Spinal-cord MRI in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2003;2:555–62

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
138. ↵
     Lycklama a Nijeholt GJ, Castelijns JA, Weerts J, et al. Sagittal MR of multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: fast versus conventional spin-echo imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:355–60

     Abstract
139. ↵
     Rocca MA, Mastronardo G, Horsfield MA, et al. Comparison of three MR sequences for the detection of cervical cord lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1710–16

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
140. ↵
     Keiper MD, Grossman RI, Brunson JC, et al. The low sensitivity of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR in the detection of multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1035–39

     Abstract
141. ↵
     Bot JC, Blezer EL, Kamphorst W, et al. The spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: relationship of high-spatial-resolution quantitative MR imaging findings to histopathologic results. Radiology 2004;233:531–40

     PubMedWeb of Science
142. ↵
     Valsasina P, Rocca MA, Agosta F, et al. Mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy histogram analysis of the cervical cord in MS patients. Neuroimage 2005;26:822–28

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
143. ↵
     Hesseltine S, Law M, Babb J, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in multiple sclerosis: assessment of regional differences in the axial plane within normal-appearing cervical spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:1189–1193

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
144. ↵
     Hickman SJ, Hadjiprocopis A, Coulon O, et al. Cervical spinal cord MTR histogram analysis in multiple sclerosis using a 3D acquisition and a B-spline active surface segmentation technique. Magn Reson Imaging 2004;22:891–95

     CrossRefPubMed
145. ↵
     Rovaris M, Gallo A, Riva R, et al. An MT MRI study of the cervical cord in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS. Neurology 2004;63:584–85

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
146. ↵
     Christoforidis GA, Kangarlu A, Abduljalil AM, et al. Susceptibility-based imaging of glioblastoma microvascularity at 8T: correlation of MR imaging and postmortem pathology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:756–60

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
147. ↵
     Tan IL, van Schijndel RA, Pouwels PJ, et al. MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1039–42

     Abstract/FREE Full Text
148. ↵
     Hetherington HP, Pan JW, Chu WJ, et al. Biological and clinical MRS at ultra-high field. NMR Biomed 1997;10:360–71

     CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science