Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home

User menu

  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Journal of Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology

American Journal of Neuroradiology

ASHNR American Society of Functional Neuroradiology ASHNR American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ASSR
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home
  • Follow AJNR on Twitter
  • Visit AJNR on Facebook
  • Follow AJNR on Instagram
  • Join AJNR on LinkedIn
  • RSS Feeds

AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleFunctional

Extent of Microstructural White Matter Injury in Postconcussive Syndrome Correlates with Impaired Cognitive Reaction Time: A 3T Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

S.N. Niogi, P. Mukherjee, J. Ghajar, C. Johnson, R.A. Kolster, R. Sarkar, H. Lee, M. Meeker, R.D. Zimmerman, G.T. Manley and B.D. McCandliss
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2008, 29 (5) 967-973; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0970
S.N. Niogi
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
P. Mukherjee
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. Ghajar
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
C. Johnson
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R.A. Kolster
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R. Sarkar
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
H. Lee
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
M. Meeker
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
R.D. Zimmerman
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
G.T. Manley
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
B.D. McCandliss
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006;21:375–78
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    Dikmen S, McLean A Jr, Temkin NR, et al. Neuropsychologic outcome at one-month postinjury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986;67:507–13
    PubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    van der Naalt J, Hew JM, van Zomeren AH, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in mild to moderate head injury: early and late imaging related to outcome. Ann Neurol 1999;46:70–78
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF, et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:1583–89
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  5. ↵
    Hammoud DA, Wasserman BA. Diffuse axonal injuries: pathophysiology and imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2002;12:205–16
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    Scheid R, Preul C, Gruber O, et al. Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1049–56
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    Scheid R, Walther K, Guthke T, et al. Cognitive sequelae of diffuse axonal injury. Arch Neurol 2006;63:418–24
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    Himanen L, Portin R, Isoniemi H, et al. Cognitive functions in relation to MRI findings 30 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2005;19:93–100
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    Bigler ED. Neuropsychological results and neuropathological findings at autopsy in a case of mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004;10:794–806
    PubMedWeb of Science
  10. Arcia E, Gualtieri CT. Neurobehavioural performance of adults with closed-head injury, adults with attention deficit, and controls. Brain Inj 1994;8:395–404
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. Hellawell DJ, Taylor RT, Pentland B. Cognitive and psychosocial outcome following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 1999;13:489–504
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    Kaplan CP, Corrigan JD. The relationship between cognition and functional independence in adults with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:643–47
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    Levin HS. Memory deficit after closed head injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1990;12:129–53
    PubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    Stuss DT, Ely P, Hugenholtz H, et al. Subtle neuropsychological deficits in patients with good recovery after closed head injury. Neurosurgery 1985;17:41–47
    PubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    Ragnarsson KT. Results of the NIH consensus conference on “rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury.” Restor Neurol Neurosci 2002;20:103–08
    PubMed
  16. ↵
    Medana IM, Esiri MM. Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases. Brain 2003;126:515–30
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  17. ↵
    Povlishock JT, Katz DI. Update of neuropathology and neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2005;20:76–94
    PubMedWeb of Science
  18. Smith DH, Meaney DF, Shull WH. Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2003;18:307–16
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    Gennarelli TA, Graham DI. Neuropathology of the head injuries. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1998;3:160–75
    PubMed
  20. ↵
    Wallesch CW, Curio N, Galazky I, et al. The neuropsychology of blunt head injury in the early postacute stage: effects of focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2001;18:11–20
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    Wallesch CW, Curio N, Kutz S, et al. Outcome after mild-to-moderate blunt head injury: effects of focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. Brain Inj 2001;15:401–12
    PubMedWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    Fork M, Bartels C, Ebert AD, et al. Neuropsychological sequelae of diffuse traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2005;19:101–08
    PubMedWeb of Science
  23. Himanen L, Portin R, Isoniemi H, et al. Longitudinal cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. Neurology 2006;66:187–92
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  24. ↵
    Huisman TA, Schwamm LH, Schaefer PW, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging as potential biomarker of white matter injury in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:370–76
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  25. ↵
    Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic head injury survivors: correlations with learning and memory indices. Neuroimage 2006;29:117–24
    PubMedWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B 1996;111:209–19
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    Ulug AM, van Zijl PC. Orientation-independent diffusion imaging without tensor diagonalization: anisotropy definitions based on physical attributes of the diffusion ellipsoid. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;9:804–13
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    Mukherjee P, McKinstry RC. Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of human brain development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2006;16:19–43, vii
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. ↵
    Watts R, Liston C, Niogi S, et al. Fiber tracking using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and its applications to human brain development. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2003;9:168–77
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    Arfanakis K, Haughton VM, Carew JD, et al. Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:794–802
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  31. Huisman TA. Diffusion-weighted imaging: basic concepts and application in cerebral stroke and head trauma. Eur Radiol 2003;13:2283–97
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    Lee ZI, Byun WM, Jang SH, et al. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of microstructural abnormalities in children with brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003;82:556–59
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    Mac Donald CL, Dikranian K, Song SK, et al. Detection of traumatic axonal injury with diffusion tensor imaging in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2007;205:116–31. Epub 2007 Feb 12
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    Kay T, Harrington DE, Adams R, et al. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1993;8:86–87
    CrossRef
  35. ↵
    McLean A Jr, Dikmen S, Temkin N, et al. Psychosocial functioning at 1 month after head injury. Neurosurgery 1984;14:393–99
    PubMed
  36. ↵
    Jiang H, van Zijl PC, Kim J, et al. DTIStudio: resource program for diffusion tensor computation and fiber bundle tracking. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2006;81:106–16. Epub 2006 Jan 18
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. ↵
    Mori S, Wakana S, Van Zijl PCM. MRI Atlas of Human White Matter. Amsterdam: Elsevier;2005
  38. ↵
    Fan J, McCandliss BD, Fossella J, et al. The activation of attentional networks. Neuroimage 2005;26:471–79
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    Hughes DG, Jackson A, Mason DL, et al. Abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging seen acutely following mild traumatic brain injury: correlation with neuropsychological tests and delayed recovery. Neuroradiology 2004;46:550–58
    PubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, et al. Staining of amyloid precursor protein to study axonal damage in mild head injury. Lancet 1994;344:1055–56
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. ↵
    Anderson CV, Wood DM, Bigler ED, et al. Lesion volume, injury severity, and thalamic integrity following head injury. J Neurotrauma 1996;13:59–65
    PubMed
  42. ↵
    Gale SD, Johnson SC, Bigler ED, et al. Trauma-induced degenerative changes in brain injury: a morphometric analysis of three patients with preinjury and postinjury MR scans. J Neurotrauma 1995;12:151–58
    PubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    Inglese M, Makani S, Johnson G, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosurg 2005;103:298–303
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    Povlishock JT, Erb DE, Astruc J. Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: reactive axonal change, deafferentation, and neuroplasticity. J Neurotrauma 1992;9 (suppl 1):S189–200
    PubMedWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    Snook L, Plewes C, Beaulieu C. Voxel based versus region of interest analysis in diffusion tensor imaging of neurodevelopment. Neuroimage 2007;34:243–52. Epub 2006 Oct 27
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. ↵
    Jones DK. The effect of gradient sampling schemes on measures derived from diffusion tensor MRI: a Monte Carlo study. Magn Reson Med 2004;51:807–15
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    Landman BA, Farrell JA, Jones CK, et al. Effects of diffusion weighting schemes on the reproducibility of DTI-derived fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and principal eigenvector measurements at 1.5T. Neuroimage 2007;36:1123–38
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  48. ↵
    Liston C, Watts R, Tottenham N, et al. Frontostriatal microstructure modulates efficient recruitment of cognitive control. Cereb Cortex 2006;16:553–60
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  49. Nagy Z, Westerberg H, Klingberg T. Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood. J Cogn Neurosci 2004;16:1227–33
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  50. Niogi SN, McCandliss BD. Left lateralized white matter microstructure accounts for individual differences in reading ability and disability. Neuropsychologia 2006;44:2178–88. Epub 2006 Mar 9
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  51. Olesen PJ, Nagy Z, Westerberg H, et al. Combined analysis of DTI and fMRI data reveals a joint maturation of white and grey matter in a fronto-parietal network. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2003;18:48–57
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. ↵
    Tuch DS, Salat DH, Wisco JJ, et al. Choice reaction time performance correlates with diffusion anisotropy in white matter pathways supporting visuospatial attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:12212–17. Epub 2005 Aug 15
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  53. ↵
    Benson RR, Meda SA, Vasudevan S, et al. Global white matter analysis of diffusion tensor images is predictive of injury severity in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:446–59
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. ↵
    Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, et al. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 2007;130:2508–19
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  55. ↵
    Nakamura M, McCarley RW, Kubicki M, et al. Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:468–78. Epub 2005 Jun 22
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. ↵
    Nestor PG, Kubicki M, Gurrera RJ, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 2004;18:629–37
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

American Journal of Neuroradiology: 29 (5)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 29, Issue 5
May 2008
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Advertisement
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Extent of Microstructural White Matter Injury in Postconcussive Syndrome Correlates with Impaired Cognitive Reaction Time: A 3T Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Cite this article
S.N. Niogi, P. Mukherjee, J. Ghajar, C. Johnson, R.A. Kolster, R. Sarkar, H. Lee, M. Meeker, R.D. Zimmerman, G.T. Manley, B.D. McCandliss
Extent of Microstructural White Matter Injury in Postconcussive Syndrome Correlates with Impaired Cognitive Reaction Time: A 3T Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2008, 29 (5) 967-973; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0970

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
0 Responses
Respond to this article
Share
Bookmark this article
Extent of Microstructural White Matter Injury in Postconcussive Syndrome Correlates with Impaired Cognitive Reaction Time: A 3T Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
S.N. Niogi, P. Mukherjee, J. Ghajar, C. Johnson, R.A. Kolster, R. Sarkar, H. Lee, M. Meeker, R.D. Zimmerman, G.T. Manley, B.D. McCandliss
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2008, 29 (5) 967-973; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0970
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Purchase

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Detecting recent concussion with multidimensional diffusion imaging: enhanced sensitivity over fractional anisotropy
  • Volumetric and Diffusion Tensor Imaging biomarkers indicating long lasting post-concussion abnormalities in a youth pig model of mild Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Abnormal Neurite Density and Orientation Dispersion in Frontal Lobe Link to Elevated Hyperactive/Impulsive Behaviors in Young Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Connectomic Assessment of Injury Burden and Longitudinal Structural Network Alterations in Moderate-to-severe Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Assessment of fractional anisotropy outcomes in combat sport athletes with mild traumatic brain injury
  • Assessment of Maturational Changes in White Matter Anisotropy and Volume in Children: A DTI Study
  • Randomised controlled clinical trial of a structured cognitive rehabilitation in patients with attention deficit following mild traumatic brain injury: study protocol
  • Altered Relationship between Working Memory and Brain Microstructure after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Accuracy of different modalities of reaction time testing: Implications for online cognitive assessment tools
  • A common neural signature of brain injury in concussion and subconcussion
  • Assessing Postconcussive Reaction Time Using Transport-Based Morphometry of Diffusion Tensor Images
  • Longitudinal increases in structural connectome segregation and functional connectome integration are associated with better recovery after mild TBI
  • Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Identifies Distinct Early and Late Phase Axonal Conduction Deficits of White Matter Pathophysiology, and Reveals Intervening Recovery
  • Toward Precision and Reproducibility of Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Multicenter Diffusion Phantom and Traveling Volunteer Study
  • Bidirectional Changes in Anisotropy Are Associated with Outcomes in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Concussion is confusing us all
  • A Decade of DTI in Traumatic Brain Injury: 10 Years and 100 Articles Later
  • American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport
  • Diffusion tensor imaging studies of mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis
  • Acute Effects of Alcohol on the Human Brain: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
  • Salience network integrity predicts default mode network function after traumatic brain injury
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Litigation
  • A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury
  • Voxel-Based Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescents
  • Contributions of neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology and blood markers to the assessment of sport-related concussion
  • Crossref
  • Google Scholar

This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.

More in this TOC Section

  • Glutaric Aciduria Type 1: DK vs. Conventional MRI
  • Kurtosis and Epileptogenic Tubers: A Pilot Study
  • Multiparametric MRI in PEDS Pontine Glioma
Show more Functional

Similar Articles

Advertisement

Indexed Content

  • Current Issue
  • Accepted Manuscripts
  • Article Preview
  • Past Issues
  • Editorials
  • Editor's Choice
  • Fellows' Journal Club
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Video Articles

Cases

  • Case Collection
  • Archive - Case of the Week
  • Archive - Case of the Month
  • Archive - Classic Case

More from AJNR

  • Trainee Corner
  • Imaging Protocols
  • MRI Safety Corner
  • Book Reviews

Multimedia

  • AJNR Podcasts
  • AJNR Scantastics

Resources

  • Turnaround Time
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Submit a Video Article
  • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
  • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
  • Statistical Tips
  • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
  • Graphical Abstract Preparation
  • Imaging Protocol Submission
  • Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
  • Publishing Checklists
  • Author Policies
  • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
  • News and Updates

About Us

  • About AJNR
  • Editorial Board
  • Editorial Board Alumni
  • Alerts
  • Permissions
  • Not an AJNR Subscriber? Join Now
  • Advertise with Us
  • Librarian Resources
  • Feedback
  • Terms and Conditions
  • AJNR Editorial Board Alumni

American Society of Neuroradiology

  • Not an ASNR Member? Join Now

© 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X

Powered by HighWire