Brain MR Imaging and ¹H-MR Spectroscopy Changes in Patients with Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction from Early Childhood to Adulthood

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Sarin SK,
   2. Sollano JD,
   3. Chawla YK,
   4. et al

   . Members of the APASL Working Party on Portal Hypertension: consensus on extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction. Liver Int 2006;26:512–19

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Shah SK,
   2. Butt JA,
   3. Awan A

   . Profile of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2007;23:677–80
3. 3.↵
   1. Sharma P,
   2. Sharma BC,
   3. Puri V,
   4. et al

   . Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1406–12

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Minguez B,
   2. Garcia-Pagan JC,
   3. Bosch J,
   4. et al

   . Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis exhibits neuropsychological and MR changes consistent with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2006;43:707–14

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   1. Ferenci P,
   2. Lockwood A,
   3. Mullen K,
   4. et al

   . Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, nomenclature, diagnosis and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congress of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002;35:716–21

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Groeneweg M,
   2. Quero JC,
   3. De Bruijn I,
   4. et al

   . Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy impairs daily functioning. Hepatology 1998;28:45–49

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   1. Marchesini G,
   2. Bianchi G,
   3. Amodio P,
   4. et al

   . Italian Study Group for quality of life in cirrhosis: factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2001;120:170–78

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Schomerus H,
   2. Hamster W

   . Quality of life in cirrhotics with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2001;16:37–41

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 9.↵
   1. Norenberg MD,
   2. Jayakumar AR,
   3. Rama Rao KV

   . Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2004;19:313–29

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Oritz M,
    2. Cordoba J,
    3. Alonso J,
    4. et al

    . Oral glutamine challenge and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three patients with congenital portosystemic shunts. J Hepatol 2004;40:552–57

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Kale RA,
    2. Gupta RK,
    3. Saraswat VA,
    4. et al

    . Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2006;43:698–706

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. 12.↵
    1. Miese F,
    2. Kircheis G,
    3. Wittsack HJ,
    4. et al

    . 1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:1019–26

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Kreis R,
    2. Ross BD,
    3. Farrow NA,
    4. et al

    . Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with ¹H-MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1992;182:19–27

    PubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. Kreis R,
    2. Farrow N,
    3. Ross BD

    . Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 1990;336:635–36

    PubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Yadav SK,
    2. Srivastava A,
    3. Srivastava A,
    4. et al

    . In-vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy changes in extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction induced hepatic encephalopathy are different from chronic liver disease.Proceedings of the 17th Meeting & Exhibition of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.Honolulu, Hawaii:2009;3440
16. 16.↵
    1. Khire U,
    2. Bleichrodt N,
    3. Hoksbergen RAC,
    4. et al

    . Indian child intelligence test (ICIT), technical manual, adaptation of revised Amsterdamse Kinder Intelligentie Test. Pune: Jnana Prabodhini's Samshodhan Sanstha; 1992:12–67
17. 17.↵
    1. Das A,
    2. Dhiman RK,
    3. Saraswat VA,
    4. et al

    . Prevalence and natural history of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;16:531–35

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Basser PJ

    . Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion-weighted images. NMR Biomed 1995;8:333–44

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. 19.↵
    1. Hasan KM,
    2. Parker DL,
    3. Alexander AL

    . Comparison of gradient encoding schemes for diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001;13:769–80

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Taylor-Robinson SD,
    2. Oatridge A,
    3. Hajnal JV,
    4. et al

    . MR imaging of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: correlation of T1-weighted and magnetization transfer contrast measurements with liver dysfunction and neuropsychiatric status. Metab Brain Dis 1995;10:175–88

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Geissler A,
    2. Lock G,
    3. Frund R

    . Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Hepatology 1997;25:48–54

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    1. Hasan KM,
    2. Gupta RK,
    3. Santos RM,
    4. et al

    . Diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy of the normal-appearing seven segments of corpus callosum in healthy adults and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005;21:735–43

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    1. Provencher SW

    . Automatic quantitation of localized in vivo ¹H spectra with LC Model. NMR Biomed 2001;14:260–64

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. 24.↵
    1. Cordoba J,
    2. Alonso J,
    3. Rovira A,
    4. et al

    . The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of ¹H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001;35:598–604

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    1. Balata S,
    2. Olde Damink SW,
    3. Ferguson K,
    4. et al

    . Induced hyperammonemia alters neuropsychology, brain MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003;37:931–39

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 26.↵
    1. Seery JP,
    2. Taylor-Robinson SD

    . The application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 1996;25:988–98

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    1. Danielsen ER,
    2. Ross B

    eds. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Diagnosis of Neurological Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1999:18–35
28. 28.↵
    1. Cordoba J,
    2. Gottstein J,
    3. Blei AT

    . Glutamine, myo-inositol and other organic osmolytes after portacaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. Hepatology 1996;24:919–23

    PubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Verma A,
    2. Saraswat VA,
    3. Radha Krishna Y,
    4. et al

    . In vivo ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived metabolite variations between acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute liver failure. Liver Int 2008;28:1095–103

    PubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Foerster BR,
    2. Conklin LS,
    3. Petrou M,
    4. et al

    . Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children: evaluation with proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:1610–13

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
31. 31.↵
    1. Dhiman RK,
    2. Chawla YK

    . Minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Indian J Gastroenterol 2009;28:5–16

    CrossRefPubMed