Carcinoid Tumor Metastases to the Extraocular Muscles: MR Imaging and CT Findings and Review of the Literature

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Modlin IM,
   2. Lye KD,
   3. Kidd M.

   . A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer 2003;97:934–59

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   1. Pinchot SN,
   2. Holen K,
   3. Sippel RS,
   4. et al

   . Carcinoid tumors. Oncologist 2008;13:1255–69

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   1. Zuetenhorst JM,
   2. Taal BG.

   . Metastatic carcinoid tumors: a clinical review. Oncologist 2005;10:123–31

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   1. Borota OC,
   2. Kloster R,
   3. Lindal S.

   . Carcinoid tumour metastatic to the orbit with infiltration to the extraocular orbital muscle. APMIS 2005;113:135–39

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Capone A Jr.,
   2. Slamovits TL.

   . Discrete metastasis of solid tumors to extraocular muscles. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:237–43

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Fan JT,
   2. Buettner H,
   3. Bartley GB,
   4. et al

   . Clinical features and treatment of seven patients with carcinoid tumor metastatic to the eye and orbit. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:211–18

   PubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   1. Harbour JW,
   2. De Potter P,
   3. Shields CL,
   4. et al

   . Uveal metastasis from carcinoid tumor: clinical observations in nine cases. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1084–90

   PubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Kiratli H,
   2. Yilmaz PT,
   3. Yildiz ZI.

   . Metastatic atypical carcinoid tumor of the inferior rectus muscle. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;24:482–84

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Perri P,
   2. Bandello F,
   3. Police G,
   4. et al

   . Multiple bilateral choroidal metastatic tumor from bronchial carcinoid: case report. Retina 1998;18:385–86

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Shetlar DJ,
    2. Font RL,
    3. Ordonez N,
    4. et al

    . A clinicopathologic study of three carcinoid tumors metastatic to the orbit: immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric studies. Ophthalmology 1990;97:257–64

    PubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Shields CL,
    2. Shields JA,
    3. Eagle RC Jr.,
    4. et al

    . Orbital metastasis from a carcinoid tumor: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and electron microscopic findings. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:968–71

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Tunc M,
    2. Wendel R,
    3. Char DH.

    . Bilateral multifocal choroidal carcinoid: long-term follow-up without treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125:875–76

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Mehta JS,
    2. Abou-Rayyah Y,
    3. Rose GE.

    . Orbital carcinoid metastases. Ophthalmology 2006;113:466–72

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Braffman BH,
    2. Bilaniuk LT,
    3. Eagle RC Jr.,
    4. et al

    . MR imaging of a carcinoid tumor metastatic to the orbit. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1987;11:891–94

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Souayah N,
    2. Krivitskaya N,
    3. Lee HJ.

    . Lateral rectus muscle metastasis as the initial manifestation of gastric cancer. J Neuroophthalmol 2008;28:240–41

    PubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Goldberg RA,
    2. Rootman J,
    3. Cline RA.

    . Tumors metastatic to the orbit: a changing picture. Surv Ophthalmol 1990;35:1–24

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    1. Khaw P,
    2. Ball D,
    3. Duchesne G.

    . Carcinoid tumour of the orbital muscles: a rare occurrence. Australas Radiol 2001;45:179–81

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Alsuhaibani AH,
    2. Carter KD,
    3. Nerad JA,
    4. et al

    . Prostate carcinoma metastasis to extraocular muscles. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;24:233–35

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Spitzer SG,
    2. Bersani TA,
    3. Mejico LJ.

    . Multiple bilateral extraocular muscle metastases as the initial manifestation of breast cancer. J Neuroophthalmol 2005;25:37–39

    PubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Sira M,
    2. Clauss RP,
    3. Maclean C,
    4. et al

    . Orbital metastases from neuroendocrine carcinoma, masquerading as Graves orbitopathy. Orbit 2010;29:94–96

    CrossRefPubMed