Significant Volume Reduction and Shape Abnormalities of the Basal Ganglia in Cases of Chronic Liver Cirrhosis

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Joebges EM,
   2. Heidemann M,
   3. Schimke N,
   4. et al

   . Bradykinesia in minimal hepatic encephalopathy is due to disturbances in movement initiation. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 273– 80

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Spahr L,
   2. Vingerhoets F,
   3. Lazeyras F,
   4. et al

   . Magnetic resonance imaging and proton spectroscopic alterations correlate with parkinsonian signs in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 774– 81

   CrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Jover R,
   2. Company L,
   3. Gutierrez A,
   4. et al

   . Clinical significance of extrapyramidal signs in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 659– 65

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Bhatia KP,
   2. Marsden CD

   . The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man. Brain 1994; 117 (Pt 4): 859– 76

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. Kulisevsky J,
   2. Pujol J,
   3. Balanzo J,
   4. et al

   . Pallidal hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging in cirrhotic patients: clinical correlations. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1382– 88

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Rovira A,
   2. Cordoba J,
   3. Sanpedro F,
   4. et al

   . Normalization of T2 signal abnormalities in hemispheric white matter with liver transplant. Neurology 2002; 59: 335– 41

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   1. Pujol A,
   2. Graus F,
   3. Peri J,
   4. et al

   . Hyperintensity in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted and inversion-recovery MRI: a possible marker of advanced liver disease. Neurology 1991; 41: 1526– 27

   FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   1. Klos KJ,
   2. Ahlskog JE,
   3. Kumar N,
   4. et al

   . Brain metal concentrations in chronic liver failure patients with pallidal T1 MRI hyperintensity. Neurology 2006; 67: 1984– 89

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   1. Lodi R,
   2. Tonon C,
   3. Stracciari A,
   4. et al

   . Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics. Neurology 2004; 62: 762– 66

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Saksena S,
    2. Rai V,
    3. Saraswat VA,
    4. et al

    . Cerebral diffusion tensor imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: e111– 19

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Jones EA,
    2. Weissenborn K

    . Neurology and the liver. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 279– 93

    FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    1. Qiu A,
    2. Crocetti D,
    3. Adler M,
    4. et al

    . Basal ganglia volume and shape in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 74– 82

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    1. Gur RC,
    2. Gunning-Dixon FM,
    3. Turetsky BI,
    4. et al

    . Brain region and sex differences in age association with brain volume: a quantitative MRI study of healthy young adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 72– 80

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. de Jong LW,
    2. van der Hiele K,
    3. Veer IM,
    4. et al

    . Strongly reduced volumes of putamen and thalamus in Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study. Brain 2008; 131: 3277– 85

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Hwang J,
    2. Lyoo IK,
    3. Dager SR,
    4. et al

    . Basal ganglia shape alterations in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 276– 85

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    1. Levitt JJ,
    2. Styner M,
    3. Niethammer M,
    4. et al

    . Shape abnormalities of caudate nucleus in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2009; 110: 127– 39

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Mechtcheriakov S,
    2. Brenneis C,
    3. Egger K,
    4. et al

    . A widespread distinct pattern of cerebral atrophy in patients with alcohol addiction revealed by voxel-based morphometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 610– 14

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    1. Atterbury CE,
    2. Maddrey WC,
    3. Conn HO

    . Neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal-systemic encephalopathy. a controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23: 398– 406

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. 19.↵
    1. Kale RA,
    2. Gupta RK,
    3. Saraswat VA,
    4. et al

    . Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2006; 43: 698– 706

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Pugh RN,
    2. Murray-Lyon IM,
    3. Dawson JL,
    4. et al

    . Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60: 646– 49

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Lin KN,
    2. Wang PN,
    3. Liu CY,
    4. et al

    . Cutoff scores of the cognitive abilities screening instrument, Chinese version in screening of dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 14: 176– 82

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    1. Smith SM,
    2. Jenkinson M,
    3. Woolrich MW,
    4. et al

    . Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage 2004; 23 (suppl 1): S208– 19

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    1. Patenaude B,
    2. Smith S,
    3. Kennedy D,
    4. et al.

    Bayesian shape and appearance models: FMRIB Technical Report TR07BP1. http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/analysis/techrep. Accessed 2007.
24. 24.↵
    1. Csernansky JG,
    2. Joshi S,
    3. Wang L,
    4. et al

    . Hippocampal morphometry in schizophrenia by high dimensional brain mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 11406– 11

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
25. 25.↵
    1. Park NH,
    2. Park JK,
    3. Choi Y,
    4. et al

    . Whole blood manganese correlates with high signal intensities on T1-weighted MRI in patients with liver cirrhosis. Neurotoxicology 2003; 24: 909– 15

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 26.↵
    1. Rose C,
    2. Butterworth RF,
    3. Zayed J,
    4. et al

    . Manganese deposition in basal ganglia structures results from both portal-systemic shunting and liver dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 640– 44

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    1. Pentschew A,
    2. Ebner FF,
    3. Kovatch RM

    . Experimental manganese encephalopathy in monkeys: a preliminary report. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1963; 22: 488– 99

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. 28.↵
    1. Kim Y,
    2. Kim KS,
    3. Yang JS,
    4. et al

    . Increase in signal intensities on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in asymptomatic manganese-exposed workers. Neurotoxicology 1999; 20: 901– 07

    PubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Dobson AW,
    2. Erikson KM,
    3. Aschner M

    . Manganese neurotoxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1012: 115– 28

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. 30.↵
    1. Reaney SH,
    2. Bench G,
    3. Smith DR

    . Brain accumulation and toxicity of Mn(II) and Mn(III) exposures. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93: 114– 24

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
31. 31.↵
    1. Butterworth RF,
    2. Giguere JF,
    3. Michaud J,
    4. et al

    . Ammonia: key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Neurochem Pathol 1987; 6: 1– 12

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    1. Maeda H,
    2. Sato M,
    3. Yoshikawa A,
    4. et al

    . Brain MR imaging in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: relationship between high intensity signal in basal ganglia on T1-weighted images and elemental concentrations in brain. Neuroradiology 1997; 39: 546– 50

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    1. Plauth M,
    2. Merli M,
    3. Kondrup J,
    4. et al

    . ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr 1997; 16: 43– 55

    PubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    1. Harrington DJ,
    2. Western H,
    3. Seton-Jones C,
    4. et al

    . A study of the prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in patients with cancer referred to a hospital palliative care team and its association with abnormal haemostasis. J Clin Pathol 2008; 61: 537– 40. Epub 2007 Oct 8

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
35. 35.↵
    1. Yamada M,
    2. Ohno S,
    3. Okayasu I,
    4. et al

    . Chronic manganese poisoning: a neuropathological study with determination of manganese distribution in the brain. Acta Neuropathol 1986; 70: 273– 78

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Crossman AR,
    2. Peggs D,
    3. Boyce S,
    4. et al

    . Effect of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 on MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the monkey. Neuropharmacology 1989; 28: 1271– 73

    CrossRefPubMed