Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Results of voxel-based morphometry–DARTEL analysis of the entire group of patients with COPD versus the entire group of controls. Note all regions in which patients with COPD had a significantly decreased gray matter volume compared with the controls at P < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons. Maximum intensity projections of all areas with significantly reduced gray matter volumes in the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) group analysis as an overlay on the SPM standard brain template.
- Fig 2.
Relatively reduced clusters (yellow) in the gray matter in patients with COPD compared with healthy controls (P < .05, false discovery rate–corrected). Sections (sagittal, coronal, and axial view) show reduced gray matter volume in the right gyrus rectus, bilateral orbital gyrus, and left superior frontal gyrus overlaid on a T1-weighted anatomic MR image in the Montreal Neurological Institute template.
- Fig 3.
Relatively reduced clusters (yellow) in gray matter in patients with COPD compared with healthy controls (P < .05, false discovery rate–corrected). Sections (sagittal, coronal, and axial view) show reduced gray matter volume in the bilateral inferior frontal and bilateral cingulate gyri overlaid on a T1-weighted anatomic MR image in the Montreal Neurological Institute template.
- Fig 4.
Relatively reduced clusters (yellow) in gray matter in patients with COPD compared with healthy controls (P < .05, false discovery rate–corrected). Sections (sagittal, coronal, and axial view) show reduced gray matter volume in the right anterior insula, right putamen, left amygdala, right parahippocampus, and right thalamus overlaid on a T1-weighted anatomic MR image in the Montreal Neurological Institute template.
Tables
Patients with COPD Controls P Value No. of subjects 25 25 Sex (female) (%) 16 16 Age (yr) (mean) 69.2 ± 8.1 (58–84) 68.0 ± 8.0 (57–86) .59 Education (yr) (mean) 6.7 ± 3.9 7.5 ± 5.0 .53 Family history of COPD (%) 4 – Disease duration (yr) 7.0 ± 5.7 – Actual smokers (%) 44 40 .86 Patients with COPD Controls P Value BMI (kg/m2) 20.8 ± 3.9 22.6 ± 2.6 .081 ADL 20.1 ± 6.5 14.6 ± 1.5 <.001 Heart rate 92.4 ± 16.2 70.9 ± 8.9 <.001 Blood pressure (mm Hg) Systolic pressure 136.1 ± 19.1 136.5 ± 18.0 .940 Diastolic pressure 81.8 ± 10.7 77.5 ± 14.5 .307 Hematologic measurements Sao2 (%) 94.0 ± 4.2 97.0 ± 1.3 .003 po2 (mm Hg) 79.9 ± 23.3 98.5 ± 11.3 .006 pco2 (mm Hg) 48.1 ± 6.0 39.8 ± 3.0 <.001 pH 7.4 ± 0.06 7.4 ± 0.01 .731 Pulmonary function testing Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 23.5 ± 6.0 16.9 ± 5.5 .003 FVC (% predicted) 66.6 ± 17.2 96.1 ± 14.7 <.001 FEV1 (% predicted) 43.4 ± 16.4 97.5 ± 16.9 <.001 FEV1/FVC (%) 50.3 ± 10.7 80.0 ± 8.3 <.001 Cognitive tests MMSE 23.3 ± 3.4 25.8 ± 2.1 .021 Digit Span Forward Task 7.0 ± 1.6 7.7 ± 1.4 0.125 Backward Task 4.1 ± 1.9 4.3 ± 1.5 0.612 Visual Reproduction 8.2 ± 3.4 10.3 ± 3.0 0.031 Figure Memory 10.5 ± 3.0 12.4 ± 1.9 0.010 Note:—ADL indicates activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; pco2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
↵a Data are mean ± SD.
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