Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Drainage pathways of the CS. Schematic representation (A), DSA (B), and MRA source image (C). The numbers represent the major anatomic structures analyzed in this study. These are 1, cavernous sinus; 2, emissary vein; 3, pterygoid plexus; 4, superior petrosal sinus; 5, inferior petrosal sinus; 6, sigmoid sinus; 7, superior ophthalmic vein; 8, inferior ophthalmic vein; 9, deep facial vein; and 10, retromandibular vein.
- Fig 2.
Examples of the 5-point grading scale for the PP/EV. A, Grade I: The PP/EV flow signal (arrow) was above the background signal on the MRA source image. B, Grade II: The PP/EV flow signal (arrow) was equal to that originating from arterial structures of the same size on the MRA source image. C, Grade III: A high signal intensity (arrow) less than or equal to one-third of the CS and PP/EV was seen on the MRA source image. D–E, Grade IV: A high signal intensity (arrow) in more than one-third of the CS, and PP/EV was seen on the maximum intensity projection source image (D). A high signal intensity (arrows) was seen in the PP/EV on the MRA maximum intensity projection image (E).
- Fig 3.
An example of the IPS flow signal. On the MRA source images, a high signal intensity in more than one-third of the CS and IPS was seen (grade IV).
- Fig 4.
An 72-year-old man with stenosis of the right internal carotid artery. MRA source (A) and maximum intensity projection (B) images show a high signal intensity in the left PP/EV and CS (arrows). This patient was rated as grade IV. No DAVFs at the CS were seen on DSA with a left common carotid artery injection (C).
Tables
Age Group (y) Men (n) Women (n) Total (n) 0–9 2 0 2 10–19 6 6 12 20–29 4 7 11 30–39 11 12 23 40–49 11 14 25 50–59 35 24 59 60–69 47 50 97 70–79 60 68 128 80–89 19 30 49 Total 195 211 406 Note:—The data represent the number of cases.
Age Group (y) Grade I or II Grade III or IV PP/EV (%) IPS (%) PP/EV+IPS (%) PP/EV (%) IPS (%) PP/EV+IPS (%) 0–9 (n=2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 10–19 (n=12) 3 (25.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 20–29 (n=11) 3 (27.3) 2 (18.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 30–39 (n=23) 4 (17.4) 1 (4.3) 0 (0) 2 (8.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 40–49 (n=25) 4 (16) 1 (4) 1 (4) 1 (4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 50–59 (n=59) 14 (23.7) 12 (20.3) 2 (3.4) 7 (11.9) 2 (3.4) 2 (3.4) 60–69 (n=97) 11 (11.3) 9 (9.3) 2 (2.1) 13 (13.4) 0 (0) 3 (3.1) 70–79 (n=128) 23 (18.0) 18 (14.1) 1 (0.8) 13 (10.2) 4 (3.1) 5 (3.9) 80–89 (n=49) 10 (20.4) 18 (36.7) 2 (4.1) 10 (20.4) 2 (4.1) 4 (8.2) Total (n=406) 72 (17.7) 62 (15.3) 8 (2.0) 46 (11.3) 8 (2.0) 14 (3.4) Note:—Data represent the numbers of cases. EV indicates emissary vein; IPS, inferior petrosal sinus; PP, pterygoid plexus.
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