Right Insular Atrophy in Neurocardiogenic Syncope: A Volumetric MRI Study

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Chen-Scarabelli C,
   2. Scarabelli TM

   . Neurocardiogenic syncope. BMJ 2004;329:336–41

   FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Mathias CJ,
   2. Deguchi K,
   3. Schatz I

   . Observations on recurrent syncope and presyncope in 641 patients. Lancet 2001;357:348–53

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Kaufmann H

   . Neurally mediated syncope: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurology 1995;45(4 suppl 5):S12–18
4. 4.↵
   1. Moya A,
   2. Sutton R,
   3. Ammirati F,
   4. et al

   . Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009;30: 2631–71

   FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. McKeon A,
   2. Vaughan C,
   3. Delanty N

   . Seizure versus syncope. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:171–80

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Abboud FM

   . Neurocardiogenic syncope. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 1117–20

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   1. Mosqueda-Garcia R,
   2. Furlan R,
   3. Tank J,
   4. et al

   . The elusive pathophysiology of neurally mediated syncope. Circulation 2000;102: 2898–906

   FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   1. Beacher FD,
   2. Gray MA,
   3. Mathias CJ,
   4. et al

   . Vulnerability to simple faints is predicted by regional differences in brain anatomy. Neuroimage 2009;47:937–45

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Ashburner J,
   2. Friston KJ

   . Voxel-based morphometry: the methods. Neuroimage 2000;11:805–21

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. 10.↵
    1. Kapoor WN,
    2. Smith MA,
    3. Miller NL

    . Upright tilt testing in evaluating syncope: a comprehensive literature review. Am J Med 1994;97: 78–88

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Grubb BP

    . Neurocardiogenic syncope and related disorders of orthostatic intolerance. Circulation 2005;111:2997–3006

    FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    1. Brignole M,
    2. Menozzi C,
    3. Gianfranchi L,
    4. et al

    . Carotid sinus massage, eyeball compression, and head-up tilt test in patients with syncope of uncertain origin and in healthy control subjects. Am Heart J 1991;122:1644–51

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    1. Ashburner J,
    2. Friston KJ

    . Unified segmentation. Neuroimage 2005; 26:839–51

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. Dale AM,
    2. Fischl B,
    3. Sereno MI

    . Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage 1999;9:179–94

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    1. Fischl B,
    2. Salat DH,
    3. Busa E,
    4. et al

    . Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 2002;33:341–55

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    1. Fischl B,
    2. van der Kouwe A,
    3. Destrieux C,
    4. et al

    . Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2004;14:11–22

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
17. 17.↵
    1. Ségonne F,
    2. Dale AM,
    3. Busa E,
    4. et al

    . A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI. Neuroimage 2004;22:1060–75

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Ségonne F,
    2. Pacheco J,
    3. Fischl B

    . Geometrically accurate topology-correction of cortical surfaces using nonseparating loops. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2007;26:518–29

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. 19.↵
    1. Desikan RS,
    2. Segonne F,
    3. Fischl B,
    4. et al

    . An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage 2006;31:968–80

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Nagai M,
    2. Hoshide S,
    3. Kario K

    . The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4:174–82

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Benarroch EE

    . The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:988–1001

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    1. Kimmerly DS,
    2. O'Leary DD,
    3. Menon RS,
    4. et al

    . Cortical regions associated with autonomic cardiovascular regulation during lower body negative pressure in humans. J Physiol 2005;569:331–45

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    1. Kurbaan AS,
    2. Franzén AC,
    3. Bowker TJ,
    4. et al

    . Usefulness of tilt test-induced patterns of heart rate and blood pressure using a two-stage protocol with glyceryl trinitrate provocation in patients with syncope of unknown origin. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:665–70

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. 24.↵
    1. Oppenheimer SM,
    2. Gelb A,
    3. Girvin JP,
    4. et al

    . Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 1992;42:1727–32

    CrossRef
25. 25.↵
    1. Oppenheimer S

    . Cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias: cortical lateralization and clinical significance. Clin Auton Res 2006;16:6–11

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 26.↵
    1. Williamson JW,
    2. Fadel PJ,
    3. Mitchell JH

    . New insights into central cardiovascular control during exercise in humans: a central command update. Exp Physiol 2006;91:51–58

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    1. Sander D,
    2. Klingelhofer J

    . Changes of circadian blood pressure patterns after hemodynamic and thromboembolic brain infarction. Stroke 1994;25:1730–37

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    1. Eckardt M,
    2. Gerlach L,
    3. Welter FL

    . Prolongation of the frequency-corrected QT dispersion following cerebral strokes with involvement of the insula of Reil. Eur Neurol 1999;42:190–93

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Colivicchi F,
    2. Bassi A,
    3. Santini M,
    4. et al

    . Cardiac autonomic derangement and arrhythmias in right-sided stroke with insular involvement. Stroke 2004;35:2094–98

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    1. Tokgözoglu SL,
    2. Batur MK,
    3. Top uoglu MA,
    4. et al

    . Effects of stroke localization on cardiac autonomic balance and sudden death. Stroke 1999;30:1307–11

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
31. 31.↵
    1. Yoon BW,
    2. Morillo CA,
    3. Cechetto DF,
    4. et al

    . Cerebral hemispheric lateralization in cardiac autonomic control. Arch Neurol 1997;54:741–44

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    1. Kollai M,
    2. Koizumi K

    . Reciprocal and non-reciprocal action of the vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart. J Auton Nerv Syst 1979;1:33–52

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    1. Malliani A,
    2. Pagani M,
    3. Lombardi F,
    4. et al

    . Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation 1991;84:482–92

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
34. 34.↵
    1. Oppenheimer SM,
    2. Kedem G,
    3. Martin WM

    . Left-insular cortex lesions perturb cardiac autonomic tone in humans. Clin Auton Res 1996;6:131–40

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    1. Ilgin N,
    2. Olgunturk R,
    3. Kula S,
    4. et al

    . Brain perfusion assessed by 99mTc-ECD SPECT imaging in pediatric patients with neurally mediated reflex syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:534–39

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Töyry JP,
    2. Kuikka JT,
    3. Lansimies EA

    . Regional cerebral perfusion in cardiovascular reflex syncope. Eur J Nucl Med 1997;24:215–18

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 37.↵
    1. Joo EY,
    2. Hong SB,
    3. Lee M,
    4. et al

    . Cerebral blood flow abnormalities in patients with neurally mediated syncope. J Neurol 2011;258:366–72

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    1. Kakeda S,
    2. Korogi Y

    . The efficacy of a voxel-based morphometry on the analysis of imaging in schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease/mild cognitive impairment: a review. Neuroradiology 2010;52:711–21

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science