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Research ArticleBrain

Diffusion Measures Indicate Fight Exposure–Related Damage to Cerebral White Matter in Boxers and Mixed Martial Arts Fighters

W. Shin, S.Y. Mahmoud, K. Sakaie, S.J. Banks, M.J. Lowe, M. Phillips, M.T. Modic and C. Bernick
American Journal of Neuroradiology February 2014, 35 (2) 285-290; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3676
W. Shin
aFrom the Imaging Institute (W.S., S.Y.M., K.S., M.J.L., M.P.)
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S.Y. Mahmoud
aFrom the Imaging Institute (W.S., S.Y.M., K.S., M.J.L., M.P.)
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K. Sakaie
aFrom the Imaging Institute (W.S., S.Y.M., K.S., M.J.L., M.P.)
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S.J. Banks
cLou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (S.J.B., M.T.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, Nevada.
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M.J. Lowe
aFrom the Imaging Institute (W.S., S.Y.M., K.S., M.J.L., M.P.)
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M. Phillips
aFrom the Imaging Institute (W.S., S.Y.M., K.S., M.J.L., M.P.)
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M.T. Modic
cLou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (S.J.B., M.T.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, Nevada.
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C. Bernick
bNeurological Institute (C.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

    • View popup
    Table 1:

    Pearson correlation between predictors

    AgeYears of EducationWeightNumber of KnockoutsNumber of FightsYears of Fighting
    Age0.288b0.268a0.321b0.0920.511b
    Years of education0.283b−0.0090.0130.055
    Weight0.0610.0250.010
    Number of knockouts0.0570.250a
    Number of fights0.520b
    Years of fighting
    • ↵a Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).

    • ↵b Correlation is significant at the .001 level (2-tailed).

    • View popup
    Table 2:

    Demographic data

    BoxersMixed Marital Arts Fighters
    Age, y28.0 ± 6.328.2 ± 4.8
    Years of educationa12.7 ± 3.014.0 ± 2.4
    Weight, kg74.5 ± 15.878.7 ± 10.9
    Number of fights13.2 ± 15.712.1 ± 14.1
    Number of knockouts1.1 ± 2.01.0 ± 2.1
    • ↵a Significantly different between groups (P < .01).

    • View popup
    Table 3:

    Areas in which number of knockouts predicted DTI values after controlling for individual variation

    ROIBoxersMixed Martial Arts Fighters
    LDTDMDFATDFA
    Corpus callosum posterioraba
    Corpus callosum centralaa
    CuneusLa
    Inferior parietalLa
    Isthmus cingulateLc, RbLc, RcLc, Rc
    Pars triangularisLa
    PericalcarineLb, RaLc, RbLc, Rb
    Posterior cingulateRa
    PrecuneusRaRaLa, Ra
    CaudateLa
    PutamenLa, Ra
    PallidumLa, RbLa, RaLa, Rb
    AmygdalaLa, RcRbLa, Rc
    • Note:—L and R represent the left and right hemispheres, respectively.

    • ↵a P < .05.

    • ↵b P < .01.

    • ↵c P < .001.

    • View popup
    Table 4:

    Coefficients for number of knockouts for the areas in which number of knockouts predicted DTI values after controlling for individual variation

    ROIBoxersMixed Martial Arts Fighters
    LDTDMDFATDFA
    Corpus callosum posterior26.48−18.9−7.27
    Corpus callosum central20.2818.19
    Cuneus(L) −4.60
    Inferior parietal(L) 6.56
    Isthmus cingulate(L) 24.24(L) 19.25(L) 20.91
    (R) 16.73(R) 22.61(R) 20.65
    Pars triangularis(L) −7.61
    Pericalcarine(L) 15.80(L) 24.26(L) 21.44
    (R) 10.05(R) 15.92(R) 13.96
    Posterior cingulate(R) 5.49
    Precuneus(R) 8.34(R) 9.90(L) 6.63
    (R) 9.38
    Caudate(L) 5.72
    Putamen(L) 3.30
    (R) 4.74
    Pallidum(L) −14.60(L) −10.10(L) −11.60
    (R) −19.30(R) −18.20(R) −18.60
    Amygdala(L) 12.38(R) 12.80(L) 10.12
    (R) 29.06(R) 18.22
    • Note:—L and R represent the left and right hemispheres, respectively.

    • A coefficient unit is 10−6 mm2/s for LD, TD, and MD, and 10−3 for FA.

    • View popup
    Table 5:

    Average DTI values for the areas in which number of knockouts predicted DTI values

    ROIBoxersMixed Martial Arts Fighters
    LDTDMDFATDFA
    Corpus callosum posterior1.6170.6890.9980.5250.6560.546
    Corpus callosum central1.5330.6790.9640.5060.6530.512
    Cuneus0.9660.7270.8070.1890.7120.194
    Inferior parietal1.0070.6570.7740.2800.6480.284
    Isthmus cingulate1.2920.5690.8100.4810.5400.498
    Pars triangularis0.9560.6500.7520.2660.6350.270
    Pericalcarine1.1280.7870.9010.2380.7690.250
    Posterior cingulate1.2090.5700.7830.4480.5430.463
    Precuneus1.0860.6470.7930.3260.6310.337
    Caudate1.2350.9661.0560.1700.9490.168
    Putamen0.8790.6100.7000.2400.6020.246
    Pallidum0.8080.5150.6130.3230.5180.315
    Amygdala1.1250.8640.9510.1810.8540.184
    • Note:—A coefficient unit is 10−3 mm2/s for LD, TD, and MD and 0–1 for FA.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 35 (2)
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W. Shin, S.Y. Mahmoud, K. Sakaie, S.J. Banks, M.J. Lowe, M. Phillips, M.T. Modic, C. Bernick
Diffusion Measures Indicate Fight Exposure–Related Damage to Cerebral White Matter in Boxers and Mixed Martial Arts Fighters
American Journal of Neuroradiology Feb 2014, 35 (2) 285-290; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3676

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Diffusion Measures Indicate Fight Exposure–Related Damage to Cerebral White Matter in Boxers and Mixed Martial Arts Fighters
W. Shin, S.Y. Mahmoud, K. Sakaie, S.J. Banks, M.J. Lowe, M. Phillips, M.T. Modic, C. Bernick
American Journal of Neuroradiology Feb 2014, 35 (2) 285-290; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3676
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