Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit undergo multiple head CT scans, resulting in high cumulative radiation exposures. Our aim was to assess the acceptability of a dedicated, special-purpose sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction–based ultra-low-dose CT protocol for neurosurgical intensive care unit surveillance head CT examinations, comparing image quality with studies performed with our standard-of-care sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction low-dose CT and legacy filtered back-projection standard-dose CT protocols.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 54 head CT examinations: ultra-low-dose CT (n = 22), low-dose CT (n = 12), and standard-dose CT (n = 20) in 22 patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Standard-dose CT was reconstructed by using filtered back-projection on a Somatom Sensation 64 scanner. Ultra-low-dose CT and ultra-low-dose CT examinations were performed on a Siemens AS+128 scanner with commercially available sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction. Qualitative and quantitative parameters, including image quality and dose, were evaluated.
RESULTS: Sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction ultra-low-dose CT represented a 68% lower dose index volume compared with filtered back-projection standard-dose CT techniques in the same patients while maintaining similar quality and SNR levels. Sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction low-dose CT offered higher image quality than filtered back-projection standard-dose CT (P < .05) with no differences in SNR at a 24% lower dose index volume. Compared with low-dose CT, ultra-low-dose CT had significantly lower SNR (P = .001) but demonstrated clinically satisfactory measures of image quality.
CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit, dedicated ultra-low-dose CT for surveillance head CT imaging led to a significant dose reduction while maintaining adequate image quality.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CTDIvol
- dose index volume
- FBP
- filtered back-projection
- IR
- iterative reconstruction
- LDCT
- low-dose CT
- NICU
- neurosurgical intensive care unit
- SAFIRE
- sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction
- SDCT
- standard-dose CT
- ULDCT
- ultra-low-dose CT
CT by using iterative reconstruction (IR), an alternative to legacy filtered back-projection (FBP), is now ubiquitously available. IR methods loop iteratively through the image reconstruction, reducing noise, with each pass permitting the use of lower levels of ionizing radiation while preserving acceptable image quality.1,2 IR methods have been successfully applied in cardiovascular,3,4 thoracic,5⇓⇓–8 abdominal,9,10 and head CT applications.11⇓⇓–14 This study used a commercially available advanced IR technique, sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction. Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE) is a raw data and image domain–based15 noise-modeling technique with 5 user-selectable strength levels. Previous work established the feasibility of SAFIRE for the study of body regions15⇓⇓⇓⇓–20 and more recently in head CT21 applications.
Patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) typically undergo multiple head CT examinations, resulting in high cumulative radiation exposures. In this study, we evaluated radiation dose and image quality of head CTs obtained with a NICU-designated ultra-low-dose (ULDCT) protocol (120 dose-modulated effective milliampere-second), with a dose index volume (CTDIvol) approximately 80% below the recommended reference level in the current American College of Radiology guidelines.22 We compared these studies with our standard-of-care low-dose (LDCT) IR protocol (290 dose-modulated effective mAs), also SAFIRE-based, and with our legacy standard-dose (SDCT) FBP protocol (350 fixed milliampere-second). To our knowledge, the use of SAFIRE to support ultra-low-dose head CT for the repeated, approximately daily surveillance examinations in the vulnerable NICU population has not been reported.
Materials and Methods
Patients
The institutional review board approved this retrospective single-center study, with a waiver of informed consent. Our institutional radiology data base was queried to identify NICU patients who underwent head CT by using ULDCT from December 2012 through February 2013. Sixty head CT examinations of 28 consecutive NICU patients were reviewed. We selected patients who underwent head CT using ULDCT, having at least 1 LDCT and/or SDCT for comparison. Six patients were excluded from the image analysis, 4 due to the lack of LDCT or SDCT available for comparison and 2 due to metallic artifacts caused by surgical material. Fifty-four head CT examinations, ULDCT (n = 22), LDCT (n = 12), and SDCT (n = 20), from 22 patients were included for analysis.
CT Protocol Selection
Scanner selection was based on availability. If the patient was scanned on the non-IR-equipped machine, a FBP-based SDCT was performed. If the IR-equipped scanner was available, our standard clinical LDCT was used for the initial evaluation. If the patient was seen subsequently, the surveillance ULDCT protocol was used whenever the IR-capable scanner was available. Because NICU patients underwent multiple examinations, many had SDCT and LDCT along with ULDCT examinations on sequential days, affording the opportunity to assess quality and dose across the examination types in individual patients.
CT Data Acquisition
SDCT was performed with FBP on a variety of clinical scanners unequipped with IR capability, most on a Somatom Sensation 64 scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). LDCT and ULDCT were performed on a Definition AS+128 scanner (Siemens). CT data parameters are summarized in Table 1.
CT protocolsa
Radiation Dose Assessment
The CT dose index volume in milligrays and the dose-length product were extracted from the scan-dose page. Effective dose in millisieverts was estimated by multiplying the dose-length product with a constant region-specific conversion coefficient of 0.0023 mSv/(mGy × cm).23 Minimum, mean, and maximum doses of CTDIvol, dose-length product and effective dose in the 3 subgroups were compared.
The difference in doses was calculated by subtracting the mean CTDIvol used in examinations with ULDCT from the mean CTDIvol of SDCT. The mean CTDIvol obtained from LDCT was subtracted from the SDCT values; and ULDCT, from LDCT. A percentage difference was also calculated. The same analysis was performed with the dose-length product and effective dose.
Image Quality Analysis
Quantitative Analysis.
A board-certified radiologist with 1 year of neuroradiology experience (A.N.), not involved in the subjective analysis, performed the quantitative measurements. ROIs were placed in the white matter by using an analysis and viewing workstation (Advantage Workstation 4.6; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). We drew identical circular 10-mm2 ROIs in the corona radiata, avoiding volume-averaging with sulci, cisterns, and gray matter. The following quantitative parameters were acquired for each set of images:
1) Signal (S), defined as the mean CT attenuation values in Hounsfield units.
2) Image noise (IN), defined as the SD of CT attenuation values.
3) SNR = (Mean WM Region of Interest)/(SD WM Region of Interest) or (S)/(IN).
Qualitative Analysis.
Two board-certified neuroradiologists, with 10 and ≥25 years of experience (A.H.D., L.N.T.) independently analyzed the 3 sets of images. Readers were blinded to reconstruction methods and radiation dose. Readers were asked to evaluate image granularity, defined as the overall graininess or mottle; gray matter–white matter differentiation, defined as the perceived contrast between the gray and white matter; and overall image quality of each CT image on a 5-point scale (Table 2).
Grading system for the qualitative assessment
Direct pair-wise blinded comparison was performed within each of the ULDCT-SDCT, LDCT-SDCT, and ULDCT-LDCT image sets for each patient. Window and level settings were standardized for initial review, but each reader was also allowed to vary the settings. Image quality scores were averaged across both readers for analysis and are presented as mean value and SD.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed by using the commercially available IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (Version 20; IBM, Armonk, New York). Radiation variables were compared by using the Student t test for paired samples. A nonparametric paired Wilcoxon test was used to perform inter-CT protocol comparisons between the image quality parameters. Numeric data were expressed as mean ± SD. Image quality scores, signal, image noise, and SNR for each set of CT images were analyzed. Difference was considered statistically significant at P < .05. Interobserver agreement for assessment of image quality was quantified by weighted κ statistics.24
Results
Patient Groups
Scans of 22 patients (12 men, 10 women; mean age, 59 ± 0.81 years; range, 21–87 years) were analyzed. Ten patients had scans with ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCT techniques; 10 had scans with ULDCT and SDCT; and 2, with ULDCT and LDCT. The mean time interval between initial imaging with SDCT and ULDCT follow-up was 2.3 days; between SDCT and LDCT, it was 6.5 days; and between LDCT and ULDCT, 8.3 days.
All patients underwent CT examinations only for clinical assessment or follow-up. The reasons for scanning included ischemic stroke (n = 7), external ventricular drain placement (n = 5), hemorrhagic stroke (n = 4), subdural hematoma (n = 1), aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 3), deep brain stimulation placement (n = 1), and brain tumor (n = 1).
Radiation Exposure
Differences in mean CTDIvol, dose-length product, and effective dose between groups were statistically significant (all, P < .01).
A 68% reduction of the mean CTDIvol (15.55 mGy) was found with ULDCT compared with 48.38 mGy in the SDCT group. A 67% reduction of the mean dose-length product (273.39 mGy · cm) and 68% of the mean effective dose (0.62 mSv) were found when using ULDCT compared with the 843.30 mGy · cm and 1.93 mSv of SDCT, respectively.
When we used LDCT compared with the SDCT, a 24% reduction of the mean CTDIvol and a 21% reduction of the mean dose-length product and the mean effective dose was found.
A 57% reduction of the mean CTDIvol and a 59% reduction of the mean dose-length product and the mean effective dose were found when using ULDCT compared with the LDCT scans (Tables 3 and 4).
Radiation dose for the ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCT
Radiation dose for the ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCT
Quantitative Analysis
ULDCT was comparable with SDCT with respect to SNR, albeit with a significant increase of image noise (P = .001). The signal was significantly higher in ULDCT scans (P = .007). LDCT was comparable in terms of signal, image noise, and SNR with SDCT. ULDCT, performed with a 58% lower tube current setting than LDCT, had an expected relatively higher image noise (P = .003) and lower SNR (P = .001). No significant differences were found in the signal (Table 5 and Fig 1).
Quantitative analysis: signal, image noise, and SNR in ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCTa
Boxplot diagrams. Signal, image noise, and SNR for SDCT, LDCT, and ULDCT are depicted. The line across the middle of the box identifies the mean sample value; boxes extend from the 25th to the 75th quartile, and whiskers, down to the minimum (min) and maximum (max) values.
Qualitative Analysis
The interobserver agreement in the assessment of image quality parameters was good (κ = 0.64). No significant difference in overall quality was found between ULDCT and SDCT. The scores for ULDCT were significantly higher than those for SDCT for GM-WM differentiation (P = .004), while ULDCT was associated with significantly more granularity (P = .023). LDCT was associated with significantly less granularity (P = .032) and better overall quality (P = .022) compared with SDCT and resulted in a significant improvement of GM-WM differentiation (P = .034). Scores of the ULDCT and LDCT protocols for GM-WM differentiation were comparable, while LDCT was associated with significantly less granularity and better overall quality (P = .003) (Table 6 and Fig 2). Image examples are provided in Figs 3 and 4.
Qualitative analysis of granularity: GM-WM differentiation and overall quality in ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCTa
Qualitative analysis of granularity, GM-WM differentiation, and overall quality in ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCT. Data are presented as mean and SD.
Comparison of SDCT-reconstructed FBP, LDCT, and ULDCT with SAFIRE obtained during 1 week in a 66-year-old NICU patient. Initial scan performed as an FBP SDCT (A) shows the reference image quality. Follow-up SAFIRE LDCT 24 hours later (B) and ULDCT SAFIRE (C) performed 72 hours after the initial examination, at approximately the same level as A.
Comparison of FBP SDCT, SAFIRE LDCT, and ULDCT obtained over the course of 1 week in a 55-year-old NICU patient after Onyx (ev3, Irvine, California) embolization of a right parietotemporal AVM. SDCT image (A) obtained shortly after treatment shows the reference image quality. Follow-up LDCT 5 days later (B) and ULDCT SAFIRE (C) images obtained 7 days after the initial examination at approximately the same level as A. Note that the right parietotemporal hemorrhage is well-seen with both the LDCT and ULDCT studies.
Discussion
Concern over the potential dangers of high radiation exposures from CT scans has been growing in recent years.25 We were particularly interested in reducing the cumulative exposure for the vulnerable NICU patient population—subjects who typically undergo multiple, often daily, head CT examinations for days to weeks; thus, we adopted a specific ultra-low-dose clinical protocol for these surveillance studies.
IR techniques reduce image noise, allowing the use of lower CT doses while preserving image quality.26 Recently, a second-generation variation of iterative reconstruction for CT, SAFIRE, has become available for clinical use. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the efficacy and adequacy of an extremely low-dose, special-purpose head CT protocol (CTDIvol, 15.55 mGy) by using SAFIRE, against standard-of-care examinations by using IR and FBP in the same patient. We compared 3 clinical CT protocols: 350 fixed milliampere-second SDCT with FBP, 290 effective milliampere-second LDCT, and 120 effective milliampere-second ULDCT (both LDCT and SDCT reconstructed with SAFIRE), performed on a consecutive group of NICU patients.
When the ULDCT studies were compared with SDCT, image overall quality was equivalent despite a 66% relative dose reduction. At a relative dose reduction of 17%, SAFIRE-based LDCT scored significantly higher for subjective image quality, with no differences in noise compared with SDCT images reconstructed with FBP. When the 2 SAFIRE techniques were compared, ULDCT had significantly higher image noise and lower image quality than LDCT. This finding was consistent with expectations that image quality will be proportional to the dose level used when all other parameters are fixed. Our findings are concordant with previous studies using SAFIRE-based CT. Kalra et al18 compared the use of abdominal CT reconstructed with SAFIRE with CT reconstructed with FBP and demonstrated a 50% reduced dose and, in some patients, a 75% reduced dose when using SAFIRE without a loss of diagnostic value. Similarly, Winklehner et al19 showed the potential to reduce the radiation dose by >50% in body CTA studies by using SAFIRE without a deterioration in image quality. In a chest CT study, Pontana et al16 demonstrated a 50% lower dose while image quality was preserved. SAFIRE has also been recently applied in the study of cervical spine CT, providing better image quality for intervertebral disks, the neural foramina, and ligaments compared with FBP, while reducing the radiation dose by approximately 40%.20 Korn et al21 recently published the first study of the use of SAFIRE in head CT and demonstrated that at 20% dose reduction, image quality was better with SAFIRE than with standard-dose FBP.
In the literature, there is a wide variation of dose-reduction results by using SAFIRE,15⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–21 which makes it difficult to compare results. Differences might be partially explained by the inconsistency in the method used to calculate dose reductions26 and by the use of different scanners in those studies.
There are several aspects of our study that complement the published material to date. The ULDCT, LDCT, and SDCT scans were all obtained in the same patient cohort so that a more accurate intrapatient comparison could be performed. Additionally, we focused exclusively on the acceptability of a special-purpose, dedicated protocol for NICU patients—a vulnerable population subset in whom the frequent, repeated use of the head CT is of particular concern. Our approach used a significantly dose-reduced SAFIRE protocol, 58% lower than our routine clinical IR protocol and 53% lower than the low-dose protocol used in the Korn et al study.21 While they reported a CTDIvol of 47.8 mGy in their low-dose CT protocol,21 similar to the dose in our clinical standard LDCT, our ULDCT had a mean CTDIvol of 15.55 mGy, representing a 67% reduction in comparison, and it was 79% lower than the 75-mGy limit recommended by the American College of Radiology guidelines.22
An optimal CT protocol uses the lowest dose and provides the appropriate image quality for the clinical circumstances for which it is intended. Head CT is a critical tool for the surveillance of the NICU population, typically used serially to monitor and guide treatment. We presumed that a protocol with drastically reduced doses would be adequate for these surveillance examinations used primarily to follow known abnormalities such as hematoma size, catheter position, and ventricular caliber and that they would be clinically acceptable at a somewhat reduced level of quality and low contrast detectability than a routine CT. This retrospective study confirmed that this ULDCT approach provided acceptable quality for these surveillance examinations in the NICU population.
An important question concerns the level of dose reduction obtained before diagnostic accuracy is impaired. An optimal combination of SAFIRE and dose reduction has not yet been established. This study demonstrated the ability of reducing the dose up to 69% and maintaining diagnostic quality for this special purpose.
We acknowledge several study limitations. First, the retrospective design and the small sample size, with only 12 cases with dedicated ULDCT and LDCT for comparison, requires a confirmation of our findings in a prospective trial and a larger population. Second, while reviewers were blinded to protocol and reconstruction technique, blinding was not perfect because the varied use of scanner and reconstruction methods left subtle but recognizable differences in the appearance of the datasets. Third, different scanners were used for the SAFIRE and FBP groups; hence, we are unable to exclude the possible influence of different detector efficiency, image thickness, and reconstruction kernels on image quality and radiation dose. Finally, these results apply only to the specified protocols and CT scanners and will not translate exactly to other protocols and scanners, though the fundamentals with respect to a radiation-vulnerable population should apply in a vendor and IR agnostic fashion.
Conclusions
This study suggests that ULDCT with SAFIRE is a viable technique to significantly decrease radiation exposure while preserving image quality for the surveillance of the NICU population who are undergoing repeated head scanning. ULDCT could replace conventional CT for follow-up evaluations of the brain whenever serial examinations are performed or anticipated.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge John Doucette, PhD, for his statistical assistance during the development of this manuscript and Mark Smith, LRT (R), for his assistance at the CT scanners.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Idoia Corcuera-Solano—RELATED: supported by a grant from the Spanish foundation: Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero. Lawrence N. Tanenbaum—RELATED: a speaker for Siemens.
Idoia Corcuera-Solano was supported by a grant from the Spanish foundation: Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero.
Paper previously presented in part at: 37th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Neuroradiology, September 28-October 1, 2013; Frankfurt, Germany.
Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org
References
- Received November 1, 2013.
- Accepted after revision December 5, 2013.
- © 2014 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
