Cranial Arachnoid Protrusions and Contiguous Diploic Veins in CSF Drainage

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Glimcher SA,
   2. Holman DW,
   3. Lubow M,
   4. et al

   . Ex vivo model of cerebrospinal fluid outflow across human arachnoid granulations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:4721–28

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Kapoor KG,
   2. Katz SE,
   3. Grzybowski DM,
   4. et al

   . Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: an evolving perspective. Brain Res Bull 2008;77:327–34

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Pollay M

   . The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2010;7:9

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Sakka L,
   2. Coll G,
   3. Chazal J

   . Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2011;128:309–16

   PubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Chen F,
   2. Deng XF,
   3. Liu B,
   4. et al

   . Arachnoid granulations of middle cranial fossa: a population study between cadaveric dissection and in vivo computed tomography examination. Surg Radiol Anat 2011;33:215–21

   PubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Farb RI

   . The dural venous sinuses: normal intraluminal architecture defined on contrast-enhanced MR venography. Neuroradiology 2007;49:727–32

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Haroun AA,
   2. Mahafza WS,
   3. Al Najar MS

   . Arachnoid granulations in the cerebral dural sinuses as demonstrated by contrast-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance venography. Surg Radiol Anat 2007;29:323–28

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. Ikushima I,
   2. Korogi Y,
   3. Makita O,
   4. et al

   . MRI of arachnoid granulations within the dural sinuses using a FLAIR pulse sequence. Br J Radiol 1999;72:1046–51

   Abstract
9. 9.↵
   1. Koshikawa T,
   2. Naganawa S,
   3. Fukatsu H,
   4. et al

   . Arachnoid granulations on high-resolution MR images and diffusion-weighted MR images: normal appearance and frequency. Radiat Med 2000;18:187–91

   PubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Leach JL,
    2. Meyer K,
    3. Jones BV,
    4. et al

    . Large arachnoid granulations involving the dorsal superior sagittal sinus: findings on MR imaging and MR venography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1335–39

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
11. 11.↵
    1. Liang L,
    2. Korogi Y,
    3. Sugahara T,
    4. et al

    . Normal structures in the intracranial dural sinuses: delineation with 3D contrast-enhanced magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo imaging sequence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:1739–46

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    1. Miabi Z,
    2. Midia R,
    3. Rohrer SE,
    4. et al

    . Delineation of lateral tentorial sinus with contrast-enhanced MR imaging and its surgical implications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:1811–18
13. 13.↵
    1. Roche J,
    2. Warner D

    . Arachnoid granulations in the transverse and sigmoid sinuses: CT, MR, and MR angiographic appearance of a normal anatomic variation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:677–83

    Abstract
14. 14.↵
    1. Trimble CR,
    2. Harnsberger HR,
    3. Castillo M,
    4. et al

    . “Giant” arachnoid granulations just like CSF?: NOT!! AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:1724–28

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Mase M,
    2. Yamada K,
    3. Shimazu N,
    4. et al

    . Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in cerebrospinal fluid: a useful marker for the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosci Res 2003;47:455–59

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Haybaeck J,
    2. Silye R,
    3. Soffer D

    . Dural arachnoid granulations and “giant” arachnoid granulations. Surg Radiol Anat 2008;30:417–21

    PubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Yew M,
    2. Dubbs B,
    3. Tong O,
    4. et al

    . Arachnoid granulations of the temporal bone: a histologic study of dural and osseous penetration. Otol Neurotol 2011;32:602–09

    PubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Johnston K,
    2. Walji AH,
    3. Fox RJ,
    4. et al

    . Access to cerebrospinal fluid absorption sites by infusion into vascular channels of the skull diplö. J Neurosurg 2007;107:841–43

    PubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Tsutsumi S,
    2. Nakamura M,
    3. Tabuchi T,
    4. et al

    . Calvarial diploic venous channels: an anatomic study using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2013;35:935–41

    PubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Urade Y,
    2. Hayashi O

    . Prostaglandin D synthase: structure and function. Vitam Horm 2000;58:89–120

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Yamashima T,
    2. Sakuda K,
    3. Tohma Y,
    4. et al

    . Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: role as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process. J Neurosci 1997;17:2376–82

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    1. Huang YC,
    2. Lyu RK,
    3. Tseng MY,
    4. et al

    . Decreased intrathecal synthesis of prostaglandin D2 synthase in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2009;206:100–05

    PubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Kanekiyo T,
    2. Ban T,
    3. Aritake K,
    4. et al

    . Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase/beta-trace is a major amyloid beta-chaperone in human cerebrospinal fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:6412–17

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    1. Carrette O,
    2. Burkhard PR,
    3. Hughes S,
    4. et al

    . Truncated cystatin C in cerebrospinal fluid: technical [corrected] artefact or biological process? Proteomics 2005;5:3060–65

    PubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. García-González U,
    2. Cavalcanti DD,
    3. Agrawal A,
    4. et al

    . The diploic venous system: surgical anatomy and neurosurgical implications. Neurosurg Focus 2009;27:E2

    PubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. Benndorf G,
    2. Lehmann

    . Bilateral diploic arteriovenous fistula causing scalp hematoma. J Neurosurg 2004;100:950–55

    PubMed
27. 27.↵
    1. Burger IM,
    2. Tamargo RJ,
    3. Broussard J,
    4. et al

    . Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of a spontaneous diploic arteriovenous fistula: case report. J Neurosurg 2005;103:179–81

    PubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Shim JH,
    2. Yoon SM,
    3. Shim JJ,
    4. et al

    . A case of intraosseous dural arteriovenous fistulas involving diploic vein treated with transarterial Onyx embolization. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011;50:260–63

    PubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Ohigashi Y,
    2. Tanabe A

    . A huge frontal meningioma associated with intraoperative massive bleeding and severe brain swelling: case report. J Clin Neurosci 2001;8(suppl 1):54–58

    PubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Tsutsumi S,
    2. Yasumoto Y,
    3. Ito M

    . Case of calvarial fibrous dysplasia presenting with cyst degeneration [in Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka 2011;39:163–68

    PubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Rizvi M,
    2. Behari S,
    3. Singh RK,
    4. et al

    . Sinus pericranii with unusual features: multiplicity, associated dural venous lakes and venous anomaly, and a lateral location. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010;152:2197–204

    PubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Bozzao A,
    2. Floris R,
    3. Fasoli F,
    4. et al

    . Cerebrospinal fluid changes after intravenous injection of gadolinium chelate: assessment by FLAIRMR imaging. Eur Radiol 2003;13:592–97

    PubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    1. Sorensen AG

    . Science to practice: blood-brain barrier leakage—one size does not fit all. Radiology 2010;257:303–04

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Squier W,
    2. Lindberg E,
    3. Mack J,
    4. et al

    . Demonstration of fluid channels in human dura and their relationship to age and intradural bleeding. Childs Nerv Syst 2009;25:925–31

    PubMed