Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Outcomes in mTBI. A, Cognitive outcomes. The red dotted line indicates impairment in the given domain, defined as a z score less than −1.5. B, Health-related quality of life (Sickness Impact Profile), grouped according to dimension. C, Postconcussion symptoms (Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire). D, Postconcussion syndrome diagnosis. PAC indicates psychological autonomy and communication.
- Fig 2.
Associations between regional imaging measures and long-term cognitive outcomes. A, Subjects with high FA in the left frontal lobe perform significantly better on tasks of attention at 1 year postinjury than do those without it (t = 2.985, P = .008). B, Subjects with high FA in left temporal lobe perform significantly better on tasks of attention at 1 year postinjury than do those without it (t = 3.524, P = .002).
- Fig 3.
Associations between regional imaging measures and long-term functional outcomes. A, Subjects with hFA in the right thalamus have significantly fewer emotional postconcussion symptoms at 1 year than those without it (t = −3.398, P = .003). Of those with hFA in the right thalamus, only 2 subjects reported emotional postconcussion symptoms. The asterisk indicates an outlier. B, Subjects with hFA in the left cerebellar white matter have significantly fewer somatic postconcussion symptoms at 1 year than those without hFA in the left cerebellum (t = −3.365, P = .003). Of those with hFA in the left cerebellum, only 1 subject reported somatic postconcussion symptoms. The asterisk indicates an outlier. C, Subjects with hFA in the right cerebellar white matter have significantly fewer somatic postconcussion symptoms at 1 year than do those without high FA in the right cerebellum (t = −3.380, P = .003). Of those with hFA in the left cerebellum, only 2 reported somatic postconcussion symptoms.
Tables
Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Age 18–70 years Focal neurologic deficits Availability for testing within 2 weeks of concussion History of head injury (based on history and medical record) Glasgow Coma Scale = 13–15 Chronic posttraumatic abnormal findings on CT/MRI Loss of consciousness < 20 minutes Hospitalization due to the current head injury Posttraumatic amnesia < 24 hours History of a neurodevelopmental or neurologic disorder English or Spanish proficiency Major psychiatric disorder Illicit drug use within 30 days Cognitive Domain Constituent Cognitive Tasks Executive Function Digit Span Backward Switching of attention (digits/letters) Verbal interference Executive maze task Episodic Memory Verbal list learning task (immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition) Attention Digit Span Forward Continuous Performance Task Switching of attention (digits) Visual memory Subjects Controls Mean age (yr) (range) 38.5 (24–64) 38.85 (20–60) Sex 10 Men (38.5%) 21 Men (52.5%) 16 Women (61.5%) 19 Women (47.5%) Mean years of education (range) 14.3 (8–24) 16.4 (2–26) Mechanism of injury Motor vehicle crash: 3 NA Sports accident: 2 Fall: 7 Assault: 7 Falling object: 7 Posttraumatic amnesia 2/26 Loss of consciousness 10/26 Note:—NA indicates not applicable.
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