Diagnostic Significance of Cortical Superficial Siderosis for Alzheimer Disease in Patients with Cognitive Impairment

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Table 1:

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with or without cSS

Parameter	No. of Patients (%)			P Value
Parameter	Total	Any cSS	No cSS	P Value
No. of patients	347	12	335
Age (yr) (mean)	74 ± 9	79 ± 5	74 ± 9	.026
No. of women	217 (62.5%)	6 (50.0%)	211 (63.0%)	.361
No. of patients with hypertension	160 (46.1%)	9 (75.0%)	151 (45.1%)	.073
Length of education (yr) (mean) (range)	11 (9–12)	11 (9–13)	11 (9–12)	.506
MMSE (mean)	21 ± 5	19 ± 7	21 ± 5	.457
Types of dementia				.337
AD	162 (46.7%)	8 (66.7%)	154 (46.0%)
DLB	41 (11.8%)	1 (8.3%)	40 (11.9%)
FTLD	33 (9.5%)	0 (0%)	33 (9.9%)
VaD	28 (8.1%)	1 (8.3%)	27 (8.1%)
MCI	51 (14.7%)	2 (16.7%)	49 (14.6%)
SC	32 (9.2%)	0 (0%)	32 (9.6%)

Note:—MMSE indicates Mini-Mental State Examination; FTLD, frontotemporal lobar dementia; VaD, vascular dementia; SC, subjective symptoms.

Table 2:

Radiologic characteristics of patients with or without cSS

Type of MBs	No. of Patients (%)			P Value
Type of MBs	Total	Any cSS	No cSS	P Value
No. of patients	347	12	335
Lobar MBs
Frontal	69 (19.9%)	7 (58.3%)	62 (18.5%)	.003
Temporal	65 (18.7%)	8 (66.7%)	57 (17.0%)	<.001
Parietal	78 (22.5%)	7 (58.3%)	71 (21.2%)	.007
Occipital	63 (18.2%)	7 (58.3%)	56 (16.7%)	.002
Deep MBs
Thalamoganglionic	62 (17.9%)	3 (25.0%)	59 (17.6%)	.456
Brain stem	32 (9.2%)	3 (25.0%)	29 (8.7%)	.088
Cerebellum	48 (13.8%)	3 (25.0%)	45 (13.4%)	.222
Topographic distribution of MBs
Strictly lobar	71 (20.5%)	6 (50.0%)	65 (19.4%)	.020
Strictly deep	10 (2.9%)	0 (0%)	10 (3.0%)	1.00
Mixed	79 (22.8%)	5 (41.7%)	74 (22.1%)	.154
No MBs	187 (53.9%)	1 (8.3%)	186 (55.5%)	.002
Lacunar infarcts	71 (20.5%)	6 (50.0%)	65 (19.4%)	.020
WMH (mean)^{^a}	1.5 ± 0.8	1.9 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.8	.053
0	32 (9.2%)	0 (0%)	32 (9.6%)
1	166 (47.8%)	4 (33.3%)	162 (48.4%)
2	107 (30.8%)	5 (41.7%)	102 (30.4%)
3	42 (12.1%)	3 (25.0%)	39 (11.6%)

Note:—WMH indicates white matter hyperintensities.
↵a WMH were graded according to the scale of Fazekas et al¹⁷: 0, absent; 1, punctate; 2, early confluent; and 3, confluent.

Table 3:

Clinicoradiologic characteristics of patients with cSS

Subject No.	Type of Dementia	Age (yr)	Sex	Location of cSS	Frontal	Temporal	Parietal	Occipital	Topographic Distribution of MBs	WMH^{^a}	ARWMC Rating Scale^{^b} (R/L)
Subject No.	Type of Dementia	Age (yr)	Sex	Location of cSS	Frontal	Temporal	Parietal	Occipital	Topographic Distribution of MBs	WMH^{^a}	Frontal	Temporal	Parieto-Occipital
1	AD	79	M	Right frontal	−	−	+	+	Mixed	1	1/1	1/0	1/1
2	AD	81	F	Left occipital	−	−	−	−	No MBs	2	1/0	2/2	2/2
				Right occipital
3	AD	84	M	Left temporal	−	+	−	−	Strictly lobar	3	2/2	3/3	2/1
4	AD	83	F	Left temporal	+	+	−	−	Strictly lobar	2	2/2	2/2	2/2
5	AD	78	F	Right temporal	−	+	+	+	Strictly lobar	1	0/0	1/1	0/0
6	AD	80	M	Right frontal	+	+	+	+	Strictly lobar	2	2/2	2/2	2/2
				Right temporal
7	AD	78	F	Right frontal	+	+	+	+	Strictly lobar	1	0/1	1/0	1/1
				Right temporal
8	AD	70	F	Right parietal	+	+	−	+	Strictly lobar	1	1/1	1/1	1/1
				Right occipital
9	DLB	69	F	Right frontal	+	−	+	−	Mixed	2	2/2	2/2	2/2
				Right temporal
10	VaD	87	M	Right frontal	+	+	−	+	Mixed	2	1/1	2/2	2/2
				Right temporal
				Right occipital
				Left temporal
				Left occipital
11	MCI	82	M	Right occipital	−	−	+	−	Mixed	3	3/3	3/2	3/3
				Left occipital
12	MCI	80	M	Left temporal	+	+	+	+	Mixed	3	3/3	3/3	3/3

Note:—ARWMC indicates age-related white matter changes; R/L, right/left; WMH, white matter hyperintensities; VaD, vascular dementia.
↵a WMH were graded according to the scale of Fazekas et al¹⁷: 0, absent; 1, punctate; 2, early confluent; and 3, confluent.
↵b ARWMC rating scale¹⁸: 0, no lesions (including symmetric, well-defined caps, or bands); 1, focal lesions; 2, beginning confluence of lesions; 3, diffuse involvement of the entire region, with or without involvement of U fibers.

Table 4:

Multivariate logistic regression analysis for AD^{^a}