Different Functional and Microstructural Changes Depending on Duration of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease

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Fig 1.
Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis in the PD-MCI groups. Warm colors indicate increased DTI values, and cool colors indicate decreased DTI values in the PD-MCI-SD group compared with PD-MCI-LD group (P < .05, family-wise error–corrected). Images are oriented according to neurological convention (right is right).
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Fig 2.
RSFC analysis in the PD-MCI groups by using the PCC and caudate as a seed. Warm colors indicate increased connectivity, and cool colors indicate decreased connectivity in PD-MCI-SD group compared with PD-MCI-LD group. All demonstrated clusters are significant at a P < .05 level, with correction for multiple comparisons.
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Fig 3.
Correlation graph between the duration of parkinsonism before MCI and each ROI. The duration of parkinsonism before MCI is significantly correlated with only RSFC between the left caudate and left middle frontal gyrus (P = .025).

Table 1:

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients^{^a}

	De Novo PD-IC (n = 15)	PD-MCI-SD (n = 16)	PD-MCI-LD (n = 43)	P Value^{^b}	Post Hoc Analysis
	De Novo PD-IC (n = 15)	PD-MCI-SD (n = 16)	PD-MCI-LD (n = 43)	P Value^{^b}	P1^{^c}	P2^{^d}	P3^{^e}
Age (yr)	65.7 ± 6.4	69.1 ± 7.2	64.9 ± 8.9	.221	–	–	–
Age at onset (yr)	64.9 ± 6.5	68.5 ± 7.3	61.6 ± 9.0	.017	.672	.555	.016
Male (No.) (%)	6 (40.0)	8 (50.0)	17 (39.5)	.604	–	–	–
Education duration (yr)	10.6 ± 4.7	8.8 ± 4.2	9.5 ± 5.2	.598	–	–	–
Parkinsonism duration (mo) (median) (range)	11 (2–18)	5 (1–11)	25 (12–120)	<.001	.015	<.001	<.001
UPDRS III	19.1 ± 8.3	25.4 ± 8.8	25.6 ± 11.2	.100	–	–	–
K-MMSE	28.6 ± 1.2	26.3 ± 1.5	26.9 ± 2.1	.002	.003	.009	.899
Levodopa-equivalent dose (mg) (median) (range)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–360.0)	25.0 (0.0–1050.0)	.008	.030	.006	1.000
BDI	11.7 ± 7.6	14.1 ± 8.7	14.8 ± 10.2	.543	–	–	–
Interval between MRI scan and NP test (day) (median) (range)	0 (0–34)	0 (0–49)	0 (0–50)	.266	–	–	–

Note:—BDI indicates Beck Depression Inventory; K-MMSE, the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; NP test, neuropsychological test; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III; –, not significant.
↵a Unless otherwise indicated, data are means.
↵b P values for comparison among 3 groups.
↵c P values for comparison between de novo PD-IC and PD-MCI-SD groups.
↵d P values for comparison between de novo PD-IC and PD-MCI-LD groups.
↵e P values comparison between PD-MCI-SD and PD-MCI-LD groups.