Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Swine cerebral venous sinus. A, Combined arterial and venous diagnostic angiography injections in a lateral view via a guide catheter tip in the ascending pharyngeal artery (green arrow) and the internal jugular vein (red arrow), revealing the connection between the internal jugular vein and sigmoid sinus (blue arrows). B, OCT catheter in the superior sagittal sinus. The distal catheter marker (yellow arrow), lens marker (green arrow), and optical fiber (red arrows) are visible in the superior sagittal sinus.
- FIG 2.
Cross-sectional OCT imaging within the superior sagittal sinus. Large draining cortical veins can be observed entering the sinus (light blue arrow) with multiple adjacent dural arteries visible (green arrows), along with adjacent cortical veins outside the sinus lumen (yellow arrows). Small red thrombi (red arrows) are also visible in certain sections, either free-floating or attached to the sinus wall. The white asterisk is the OCT lens, and the yellow asterisk is the artifact from the wire. White bars = 2 mm.
- FIG 3.
Corresponding structural and Doppler OCT imaging. A, Two separate structural images reveal large draining cortical veins (light blue and green arrows) along with dural arteries (yellow arrows) and their corresponding Doppler imaging with a phase-shift color map demonstrating flow in the sinus and dural arteries (B). The white asterisk is the OCT lens, and the yellow asterisk is the artifact from the wire. White bars = 2mm.
- FIG 4.
OCT imaging and corresponding histologic cross-section. A, OCT shows 2 dural arteries (green arrows) and a dural venule (yellow arrow). B, Histologic cross-section with H&E staining. The sinus is collapsed, and the lumen is outlined with red arrows, along with adjacent arterioles (green arrows) and a venule (yellow arrow). The white asterisk is the OCT lens, and the yellow asterisk is the artifact from the wire. White bars = 2 mm. Black scale bar = 500 µm.
- FIG 5.
Bland-Altman plots comparing optical coherence tomography and histology. A, Sinus maximum diameter mean difference of 1.96 [SD, –1.96] mm and a mean of 0.21 [SD, 3.62, −3.19] mm, and 10% (2/20) of points outside the 95% confidence interval. B, Dural arteriole diameter with a mean difference of −8 [SD, 140, −157] µm, and 10% (4/40) of points outside the 95% confidence interval. C, Venule diameter with a mean difference of −15 [SD, 380, −411] µm, and 8% (3/35) of points outside the 95% confidence interval.
- FIG 6.
IVUS and OCT. A, IVUS of human superior sagittal sinus to determine the maximal diameter and circumference (A), and swine structural OCT imaging of the superior sagittal sinus (B). Although direct anatomic comparison cannot be made, OCT can clearly provide improved visualization of the sinus lumen and adjacent vessels. The white asterisk is the OCT lens, and the yellow asterisk is the artifact from the wire. White bars = 2 mm. Adapted with permission from Boddu et al.5
- FIG 7.
A dural arteriovenous fistula imaged and treated using novel OCT technology. A, The OCT device is navigated into the dural venous sinus and through a transparent dual-lumen balloon (II), optical imaging is undertaken (III) to identify the exact spatial position of arterial feeders (I) into the dural venous sinus. B, Laser ablation of the arterial feeders is accomplished under image guidance through the saline-filled balloon. The arterial feeders (I) previously identified now undergo image-guided laser ablation (III) through the transparent dual lumen balloon (II). Adapted from Pasarikovski et al.21
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