Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home

User menu

  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Journal of Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology

American Journal of Neuroradiology

ASHNR American Society of Functional Neuroradiology ASHNR American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ASSR
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home
  • Follow AJNR on Twitter
  • Visit AJNR on Facebook
  • Follow AJNR on Instagram
  • Join AJNR on LinkedIn
  • RSS Feeds

AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Review ArticleAdult Brain
Open Access

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastases in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Primer for Radiologists

C. Dodson, T.J. Richards, D.A. Smith and N.H. Ramaiya
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2020, 41 (5) 738-750; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6477
C. Dodson
aFrom the Department of Radiology (C.D., T.J.R., D.A.S., N.H.R.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for C. Dodson
T.J. Richards
aFrom the Department of Radiology (C.D., T.J.R., D.A.S., N.H.R.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
bDepartment of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (T.J.R.), University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for T.J. Richards
D.A. Smith
aFrom the Department of Radiology (C.D., T.J.R., D.A.S., N.H.R.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for D.A. Smith
N.H. Ramaiya
aFrom the Department of Radiology (C.D., T.J.R., D.A.S., N.H.R.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for N.H. Ramaiya
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Baik CS,
    2. Chamberlain MC,
    3. Chow LQ
    . Targeted therapy for brain metastases in EGFR-mutated and ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2015;10:1268–78 doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000615 pmid:26107553
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. Hall WA,
    2. Djalilian HR,
    3. Nussbaum ES, et al
    . Long-term survival with metastatic cancer to the brain. Med Oncol 2000;17:279–86 doi:10.1007/bf02782192 pmid:11114706
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Proto C,
    2. Imbimbo M,
    3. Gallucci R, et al
    . Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of central nervous system metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: the present and the future. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016;5:563–78 doi:10.21037/tlcr.2016.10.16 pmid:28149752
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Mehta MP,
    2. Rodrigus P,
    3. Terhaard CHJ, et al
    . Survival and neurologic outcomes in a randomized trial of motexafin gadolinium and whole-brain radiation therapy in brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2529–36 doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.12.122 pmid:12829672
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  5. 5.↵
    1. Franciosi V,
    2. Cocconi G,
    3. Michiara M, et al
    . Front-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, or malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Cancer 1999;85:1599–1605 pmid:10193952
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. 6.↵
    1. Petrelli F,
    2. Ghidini M,
    3. Lonati V, et al
    . The efficacy of lapatinib and capecitabine in HER-2 positive breast cancer with brain metastases: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Eur J Cancer 2017;84:141–48 doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.07.024 pmid:28810186
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Verma J,
    2. Jonasch E,
    3. Allen P, et al
    . Impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the incidence of brain metastasis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2011;117:4958–65 doi:10.1002/cncr.26138 pmid:21484781
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Kerr KM,
    2. López-Ríos F
    . Precision medicine in NSCLC and pathology: how does ALK fit in the pathway? Ann. Oncol 2016;27:ii16–24 doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw302 pmid:27573752
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Lindeman NI,
    2. Cagle PT,
    3. Aisner DL, et al
    . Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018;142:321–46 doi:10.5858/arpa.2017-0388-CP pmid:29355391
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Narita Y,
    2. Matsushima Y,
    3. Shiroiwa T, et al
    . Cost-effectiveness analysis of EGFR mutation testing and gefitinib as first-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015;90:71–77 doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.07.006 pmid:26259876
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Holleman MS,
    2. Al MJ,
    3. Zaim R, et al
    . Cost-effectiveness analysis of the first-line EGFR-TKIs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations. Eur J Health Econ 2019 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01117-3 pmid:31541309
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Djalalov S,
    2. Beca J,
    3. Hoch JS, et al
    . Cost effectiveness of EML4-ALK fusion testing and first-line crizotinib treatment for patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1012–19 doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.1186 pmid:24567430
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. Carlson JJ,
    2. Kangho S,
    3. Orfanos P, et al
    . Cost effectiveness of alectinib vs. crizotinib in first-line anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Pharmacoeconomics 2018;36:495–504 doi:10.1007/s40273-018-0625-6 pmid:29488070
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Glitza Oliva IC,
    2. Schvartsman G,
    3. Tawbi H
    . Advances in the systemic treatment of melanoma brain metastases. Ann Oncol 2018;29:1509–20 doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy185 pmid:29790899
    CrossRefPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Svokos KA,
    2. Salhia B,
    3. Toms SA
    . Molecular biology of brain metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2014;15:9519–30 doi:10.3390/ijms15069519 pmid:24879524
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Löscher W,
    2. Potschka H
    . Blood-brain barrier active efflux transporters: ATP-binding cassette gene family. NeuroRx 2005;2:86–98 doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.86 pmid:15717060
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    1. Connell JJ,
    2. Chatain G,
    3. Cornelissen B, et al
    . Selective permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier at sites of metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:1634–43 doi:10.1093/jnci/djt276 pmid:24108809
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Tan J,
    2. Li M,
    3. Zhong W, et al
    . Tyrosine kinase inhibitors show different anti-brain metastases efficacy in NSCLC: a direct comparative analysis of icotinib, gefitinib, and erlotinib in a nude mouse model. Oncotarget 2017;8:98771–81 doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21936 pmid:29228726
    CrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. García-Román J,
    2. Zentella-Dehesa A
    . Vascular permeability changes involved in tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett 2013;335:259–69 doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.005 pmid:23499893
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. 20.↵
    1. Wang BX,
    2. Ou W,
    3. Mao XY, et al
    . Impacts of EGFR mutation and EGFR-TKIs on incidence of brain metastases in advanced non-squamous NSCLC. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017;160:96–100 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.06.022 pmid:28704781
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. O'Kane GM,
    2. Leighl NB
    . Systemic therapy of lung cancer CNS metastases using molecularly targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. CNS Drugs 2018;32:527–42 doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0526-4 pmid:29799091
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Abdallah SM,
    2. Wong A
    . Brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer: are tyrosine kinase inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors now viable options? Curr Oncol 2018;25:S103–14 doi:10.3747/co.25.3733 pmid:29910653
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Park SJ,
    2. Kim HT,
    3. Lee DH, et al
    . Efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring either exon 19 or 21 mutation. Lung Cancer 2012;77:556–60 doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.05.092 pmid:22677429
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. 24.↵
    1. Maemondo M,
    2. Inoue A,
    3. Kobayashi K, et al
    ; North-East Japan Study Group. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2380–88 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909530 pmid:20573926
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. 25.↵
    1. Pao W,
    2. Balak MN,
    3. Riely GJ, et al
    . Molecular analysis of NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:7078 doi:10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.7078
    CrossRef
  26. 26.↵
    1. Hoffknecht P,
    2. Tufman A,
    3. Wehler T, et al
    ; Afatinib Compassionate Use Consortium (ACUC). Efficacy of the irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-pretreated non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases or leptomeningeal disease. J Thorac Oncol 2015;10:156–63 doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000380 pmid:25247337
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Yu HA,
    2. Arcila ME,
    3. Rekhtman N, et al
    . Analysis of tumor specimens at the time of acquired resistance to EGFR TKI therapy in 155 patients with EGFR mutant lung cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:2240–47 doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2246 pmid:23470965
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  28. 28.↵
    1. Griffin R,
    2. Ramirez RA
    . Molecular targets in non–small cell lung cancer. Ochsner J 2017;17:388–92 pmid:29230123
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  29. 29.↵
    1. Malapelle U,
    2. Ricciuti B,
    3. Baglivo S, et al
    . Osimertinib. Recent Results Cancer Res 2018;211:257–76 doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91442-8_18 pmid:30069773
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Tan CS,
    2. Kumarakulasinghe NB,
    3. Huang YQ, et al
    . Third generation EGFR TKIs: current data and future directions. Mol Cancer 2018;17:1–14 doi:10.1186/s12943-018-0778-0 pmid:29455654
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Reungwetwattana T,
    2. Nakagawa K,
    3. Cho BC, et al
    . CNS response to osimertinib versus standard epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clini Oncol 2018 Aug 28. [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.3118 pmid:30153097
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Soria JC,
    2. Ohe Y,
    3. Vansteenkiste J, et al
    ; FLAURA Investigators. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;378:113–25 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1713137 pmid:29151359
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Costa DB,
    2. Shaw AT,
    3. Ou SH, et al
    . Clinical experience with crizotinib in patients with advanced ALK-rearranged non–small-cell lung cancer and brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:1881–88 doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.0539 pmid:25624436
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  34. 34.↵
    1. Ricciuti B,
    2. De Giglio A,
    3. Mecca C, et al
    . Precision medicine against ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: beyond crizotinib. Med Oncol 2018;35:1–18 doi:10.1007/s12032-018-1133-4 pmid:29666949
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Gadgeel S,
    2. Peters S,
    3. Mok T, et al
    . Alectinib versus crizotinib in treatment-naive anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small-cell lung cancer: CNS efficacy results from the ALEX study. Ann Oncol 2018;29:2214–22 doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy405 pmid:30215676
    CrossRefPubMed
  36. 36.↵
    1. Peters S,
    2. Camidge DR,
    3. Shaw AT, et al
    ; ALEX Trial Investigators. Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2017;377:829–38 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1704795 pmid:28586279
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Crinò L,
    2. Ahn MJ,
    3. De Marinis F, et al
    . Multicenter phase II study of whole-body and intracranial activity with ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy and crizotinib: results from ASCEND-2. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:2866–73 doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.65.5936 pmid:27432917
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  38. 38.
    1. Camidge DR,
    2. Kim HR,
    3. Ahn MJ, et al
    . Brigatinib versus crizotinib in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2027–39 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1810171 pmid:30280657
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Shaw AT,
    2. Felip E,
    3. Bauer TM, et al
    . Lorlatinib in ALK- or ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer: an international, multicenter, open-label phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:1590–99 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30680-0 pmid:29074098
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Ou SHI,
    2. Zhu VW
    . CNS metastasis in ROS1+ NSCLC: an urgent call to action, to understand, and to overcome. Lung Cancer 2019;130:201–07 doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.02.025 pmid:30885345
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Wu YL,
    2. Yang JC,
    3. Kim DW, et al
    . Phase II study of crizotinib in East Asian patients with ROS1-positive advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:1405–12 doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.75.5587 pmid:29596029
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Ahn M,
    2. Cho BC,
    3. Siena S, et al
    . OA 14.06 entrectinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic ROS1 fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol 2017;12:S178 doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.411
    CrossRef
  43. 43.↵
    1. Ou S,
    2. Shaw A,
    3. Riely G, et al
    . OA02.03 clinical activity of lorlatinib in patients with ROS1+ advanced non-small cell lung cancer: phase 2 study cohort EXP-6. J Thorac Oncol 2018;13:S322–23 doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.241
    CrossRef
  44. 44.↵
    1. Lim SM,
    2. Kim HR,
    3. Lee JS, et al
    . Open-label, multicenter, phase II study of ceritinib in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer harboring ROS1 rearrangement. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:2613–18 doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.71.3701 pmid:28520527
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. 45.↵
    1. Ding PN,
    2. Lord SJ,
    3. Gebski V, et al
    . Risk of treatment-related toxicities from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a meta-analysis of clinical trials of gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib in advanced EGFR-mutated non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2017;12:633–43 doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.2236 pmid:28007626
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. 46.↵
    1. Hou H,
    2. Sun D,
    3. Liu K, et al
    . The safety and serious adverse events of approved ALK inhibitors in malignancies: a meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2019;11:4109–18 doi:10.2147/CMAR.S190098 pmid:31190983
    CrossRefPubMed
  47. 47.↵
    1. Del Valle MF,
    2. Chang AY
    . Real world experience on treatment, outcome and toxicity of crizotinib in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019;11:3864–73 doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.09.15 pmid:31656659
    CrossRefPubMed
  48. 48.↵
    1. Ou SH,
    2. Klempner SJ,
    3. Azada MC, et al
    . Radiation necrosis presenting as pseudoprogression (PsP) during alectinib treatment of previously radiated brain metastases in ALK-positive NSCLC: implications for disease assessment and management. Lung Cancer 2015;88:355–59 doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.03.022 pmid:25882777
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. 49.↵
    1. Song YP,
    2. Colaco RJ
    . Radiation necrosis: a growing problem in a case of brain metastases following whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. Cureus 2018;10:e2037 doi:10.7759/cureus.2037] pmid:29541558
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. 50.↵
    1. Shah RR
    . Anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: could hypomagnesaemia be the trigger? Drug Saf 2017;40:373–86 doi:10.1007/s40264-017-0508-3 pmid:28181126
    CrossRefPubMed
  51. 51.↵
    1. Shankar J,
    2. Banfield J
    . Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a review. Can Assoc Radiol J 2017;68:147–53 doi:10.1016/j.carj.2016.08.005 pmid:28131335
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. 52.↵
    1. Yamamoto M,
    2. Serizawa T,
    3. Shuto T, et al
    . Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:387–95 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70061-0 pmid:24621620
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. 53.
    1. Yamamoto M,
    2. Serizawa T,
    3. Higuchi Y, et al
    . A multi-institutional prospective observational study of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901 study update): irradiation-related complications and long-term maintenance of Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;99:31–40 doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.04.037 pmid:28816158
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. 54.↵
    1. Berghoff A,
    2. Preusser M
    . New developments in brain metastases. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018;11:1756286418785502 doi:10.1177/1756286418785502 pmid:30034538
    CrossRefPubMed
  55. 55.↵
    1. Jindal V,
    2. Gupta S
    . Expected paradigm shift in brain metastases therapy: immune checkpoint inhibitors. Mol Neurobiol 2018;55:7072–78 doi:10.1007/s12035-018-0905-3 pmid:29383686
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. 56.↵
    1. Kelly WJ,
    2. Shah NJ,
    3. Subramaniam DS
    . Management of brain metastases in epidermal growth factor receptor mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2018;8:208–09 doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00208 pmid:30018881
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. 57.↵
    1. Shepard MJ,
    2. Xu Z,
    3. Donahue J, et al
    . Stereotactic radiosurgery with and without checkpoint inhibition for patients with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer to the brain: a matched cohort study. J Neurosurg 2019 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.3171/2019.4.JNS19822 pmid:31349225
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. 58.↵
    1. Chen L,
    2. Douglass J,
    3. Kleinberg L, et al
    . Concurrent immune checkpoint inhibitors and stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018;100:916–25 doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.11.041 pmid:29485071
    CrossRefPubMed
  59. 59.↵
    1. Narayanan V,
    2. Honce MJ,
    3. Mehrotra S, et al
    . Cystic brain metastases occurring in anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer patients receiving crizotinib. Clin Lung Cancer 2016;17:85–90 doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2015.07.003 pmid:26314227
    CrossRefPubMed
  60. 60.↵
    1. Essenmacher AC,
    2. Watal P,
    3. Bathla G, et al
    . Brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of the lung with truly cystic magnetic resonance imaging appearance. Clin Imaging 2018;52:203–07 doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.07.023 pmid:30125846
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. 61.↵
    1. Zee YK,
    2. Chin TM,
    3. Wong ASC
    . Fatal cystic change of brain metastasis after response to gefitinib in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:145–46 doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.4501 pmid:19667265
    CrossRefPubMed
  62. 62.↵
    1. Schwartz LH,
    2. Litière S,
    3. de Vries E, et al
    . RECIST 1.1: update and clarification—from the RECIST Committee. Eur J Cancer 2016;62:132–37 doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.081 pmid:27189322
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. 63.↵
    1. Lin NU,
    2. Lee EQ,
    3. Aoyama H, et al
    ; Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) group. Response assessment criteria for brain metastases: proposal from the RANO group. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:e270–78 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70057-4 pmid:26065612
    CrossRefPubMed
  64. 64.↵
    1. Chamberlain M,
    2. Junck L,
    3. Brandsma D, et al
    . Leptomeningeal metastases: a RANO proposal for response criteria. Neuro Oncol 2017;19:484–92 doi:10.1093/neuonc/now183 pmid:28039364
    CrossRefPubMed
  65. 65.↵
    1. Lin CY,
    2. Chang CC,
    3. Su PL, et al
    . Brain MRI imaging characteristics predict treatment response and outcome in patients with de novo brain metastasis of EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e16766 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016766 pmid:31415376
    CrossRefPubMed
  66. 66.↵
    1. Minniti G,
    2. Clarke E,
    3. Lanzetta G, et al
    . Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: analysis of outcome and risk of brain radionecrosis. Radiat Oncol 2011;6:4 8 doi:10.1186/1748-717X-6-48 pmid:21575163
    CrossRefPubMed
  67. 67.↵
    1. Kohutek ZA,
    2. Yamada Y,
    3. Chan TA, et al
    . Long-term risk of radionecrosis and imaging changes after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. J Neurooncol 2015;125:149–56 doi:10.1007/s11060-015-1881-3 pmid:26307446
    CrossRefPubMed
  68. 68.↵
    1. Miller JA,
    2. Bennett EE,
    3. Xiao R, et al
    . Association between radiation necrosis and tumor biology after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016;96:1060–69 doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.08.039 pmid:27742540
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. 69.↵
    1. Gan GN,
    2. Weickhardt AJ,
    3. Scheier B, et al
    . Stereotactic radiation therapy can safely and durably control sites of extra-central nervous system oligoprogressive disease in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive lung cancer patients receiving crizotinib. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;88:892–98 doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.010 pmid:24462383
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. 70.↵
    1. Ou SH,
    2. Weitz M,
    3. Jalas JR, et al
    . Alectinib induced CNS radiation necrosis in an ALK + NSCLC patient with a remote (7 years) history of brain radiation. Lung Cancer 2016;96:15–18 doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.03.008 pmid:27133743
    CrossRefPubMed
  71. 71.↵
    1. LeCompte MC,
    2. McTyre E,
    3. Henson
    A, et al. Survival and failure outcomes predicted by brain metastasis volumetric kinetics in melanoma patients following upfront treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery alone. Cureus 2017;9:e1934 doi:10.7759/cureus.1934 pmid:29464141
    CrossRefPubMed
  72. 72.↵
    1. Kang TW,
    2. Kim ST,
    3. Byun HS, et al
    . Morphological and functional MRI, MRS, perfusion and diffusion changes after radiosurgery of brain metastasis. Eur J Radiol 2009;72:370–80 doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.08.009 pmid:18829196
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. 73.↵
    1. Jakubovic R,
    2. Zhou S,
    3. Heyn C, et al
    . The predictive capacity of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in response assessment of brain metastases following radiation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016;33:277–84 doi:10.1007/s10585-016-9778-x pmid:26786978
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. 74.↵
    1. Abdulla DS,
    2. Scheffler M,
    3. Brandes V, et al
    . Monitoring treatment response to erlotinib in EGFR-mutated non–small-cell lung cancer brain metastases using serial O-(2- [18 F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET. Clin Lung Cancer 2019;20:e148–51 doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2018.10.011 pmid:30528316
    CrossRefPubMed
  75. 75.↵
    1. Essig M,
    2. Waschkies M,
    3. Wenz F, et al
    . Assessment of brain metastases with dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging: initial results. Radiology 2003;228:193–99 doi:10.1148/radiol.2281020298 pmid:12832582
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. 76.↵
    1. Mahmood F,
    2. Johannesen HH,
    3. Geertsen P, et al
    . Repeated diffusion MRI reveals earliest time point for stratification of radiotherapy response in brain metastases. Phys Med Biol 2017;62:2990–3002 doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aa5249 pmid:28306548
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. 77.↵
    1. Huang CF,
    2. Chou HH,
    3. Tu HT, et al
    . Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging as an evaluation of the response of brain metastases treated by stereotactic radiosurgery. Surg Neurol 2008;69:62–68 doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2007.02.021 pmid:18054618
    CrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

American Journal of Neuroradiology: 41 (5)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 41, Issue 5
1 May 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
  • Complete Issue (PDF)
Advertisement
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastases in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Primer for Radiologists
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Cite this article
C. Dodson, T.J. Richards, D.A. Smith, N.H. Ramaiya
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastases in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Primer for Radiologists
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2020, 41 (5) 738-750; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A6477

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
0 Responses
Respond to this article
Share
Bookmark this article
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastases in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Primer for Radiologists
C. Dodson, T.J. Richards, D.A. Smith, N.H. Ramaiya
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2020, 41 (5) 738-750; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A6477
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Purchase

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • ABBREVIATIONS:
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Crossref
  • Google Scholar

This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.

More in this TOC Section

  • Diagnostic Neuroradiology of Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Segmentation of Brain Metastases with BLAST
  • Cerebral ADC Changes in Fabry Disease
Show more Adult Brain

Similar Articles

Advertisement

Indexed Content

  • Current Issue
  • Accepted Manuscripts
  • Article Preview
  • Past Issues
  • Editorials
  • Editor's Choice
  • Fellows' Journal Club
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Video Articles

Cases

  • Case Collection
  • Archive - Case of the Week
  • Archive - Case of the Month
  • Archive - Classic Case

More from AJNR

  • Trainee Corner
  • Imaging Protocols
  • MRI Safety Corner
  • Book Reviews

Multimedia

  • AJNR Podcasts
  • AJNR Scantastics

Resources

  • Turnaround Time
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Submit a Video Article
  • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
  • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
  • Statistical Tips
  • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
  • Graphical Abstract Preparation
  • Imaging Protocol Submission
  • Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
  • Publishing Checklists
  • Author Policies
  • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
  • News and Updates

About Us

  • About AJNR
  • Editorial Board
  • Editorial Board Alumni
  • Alerts
  • Permissions
  • Not an AJNR Subscriber? Join Now
  • Advertise with Us
  • Librarian Resources
  • Feedback
  • Terms and Conditions
  • AJNR Editorial Board Alumni

American Society of Neuroradiology

  • Not an ASNR Member? Join Now

© 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X

Powered by HighWire