Determinants and Clinical Relevance of Iodine Contrast Extravasation after Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Dual-Energy CT Study

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   2. Yaghi S,
   3. Willey JZ,
   4. Cucchiara B

   , American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, et al. Treatment and outcome of hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2017;48:e343–61 doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000152 pmid:29097489

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   2. van Kranendonk KR,
   3. Treurniet KM,
   4. Boers AM

   , MR CLEAN Investigators, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation is associated with poor functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to a large vessel occlusion. J Neurointerv Surg 2019;11:464–68 doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014141 pmid:30297537

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   2. Janvier P,
   3. Kerleroux B,
   4. Turc G, et al

   . TAGE score for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage prediction after successful endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2022;53:2809–17 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.038088 pmid:35698971

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   2. Whitney E,
   3. Khan YR,
   4. Alastra A, et al

   . Contrast extravasation post thrombectomy in patients with acute cerebral stroke: a review and recommendations for future studies. Cureus 2020;12:e10616 doi:10.7759/cureus.10616 pmid:33123430

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   2. Xu T,
   3. Wang Y,
   4. Yuan J, et al

   . Contrast extravasation and outcome of endovascular therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021;11:e044917 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044917 pmid:34233968

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   2. Lummel N,
   3. Schulte-Altedorneburg G,
   4. Bernau C, et al

   . Hyperattenuated intracerebral lesions after mechanical recanalization in acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:345–51 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3656 pmid:23907245

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   2. Bonatti M,
   3. Lombardo F,
   4. Zamboni GA, et al

   . Iodine extravasation quantification on dual-energy CT of the brain performed after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke can predict hemorrhagic complications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:441–47 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5513 pmid:29348131

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   2. Baik M,
   3. Cha J,
   4. Ahn SS, et al

   . Dual-energy computed tomography quantification of extravasated iodine and hemorrhagic transformation after thrombectomy. J Stroke 2022;24:152–55 doi:10.5853/jos.2021.03391 pmid:35135069

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Chen Z,
   3. Zhang Y,
   4. Su Y, et al

   . Contrast extravasation is predictive of poor clinical outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;29:104494 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104494 pmid:31727596

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Gupta R,
    3. Phan CM,
    4. Leidecker C, et al

    . Evaluation of dual-energy CT for differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage from iodinated contrast material staining. Radiology 2010;257:205–11 doi:10.1148/radiol.10091806 pmid:20679449

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    2. Phan CM,
    3. Yoo AJ,
    4. Hirsch JA, et al

    . Differentiation of hemorrhage from iodinated contrast in different intracranial compartments using dual-energy head CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:1088–94 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2909 pmid:22268092

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    2. Tijssen MP,
    3. Hofman PA,
    4. Stadler AA, et al

    . The role of dual energy CT in differentiating between brain haemorrhage and contrast medium after mechanical revascularisation in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Radiol 2014;24:834–40 doi:10.1007/s00330-013-3073-x pmid:24258277

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Gabbai M,
    3. Leichter I,
    4. Mahgerefteh S, et al

    . Spectral material characterization with dual-energy CT: comparison of commercial and investigative technologies in phantoms. Acta Radiol 2015;56:960–69 doi:10.1177/0284185114545150 pmid:25182803

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Hedent SV,
    3. Hokamp NG,
    4. Laukamp KR, et al

    . Differentiation of hemorrhage from iodine using spectral detector CT: a phantom study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:2205–10 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5872 pmid:30409850

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    2. Almqvist H,
    3. Holmin S,
    4. Mazya MV

    . Dual energy CT after stroke thrombectomy alters assessment of hemorrhagic complications. Neurology 2019;93:e1068–75 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008093 pmid:31409735

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Choi Y,
    3. Shin NY,
    4. Jang J, et al

    . Dual-energy CT for differentiating acute intracranial hemorrhage from contrast staining or calcification: a meta-analysis. Neuroradiology 2020;62:1617–26 doi:10.1007/s00234-020-02486-w pmid:32621024

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. von Elm E,
    3. Altman DG,
    4. Egger M

    , STROBE Initiative, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg 2014;12:1495–99 doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013 pmid:25046131

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    2. Brott T,
    3. Adams HP,
    4. Olinger CP, et al

    . Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989;20:864–70 doi:10.1161/01.str.20.7.864 pmid:2749846

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    2. Swieten JC,
    3. van Koudstaal PJ,
    4. Visser MC, et al

    . Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1988;19:604–07 doi:10.1161/01.str.19.5.604 pmid:3363593

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
20. 20.↵
    2. Fugate JE,
    3. Klunder AM,
    4. Kallmes DF

    . What is meant by “TICI?” AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1792–97 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3496 pmid:23578670

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    2. Barber PA,
    3. Demchuk AM,
    4. Zhang J, et al

    . Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy. ASPECTS Study Group. Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score. Lancet 2000;355:1670–74 doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02237-6 pmid:10905241

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    2. von Kummer R,
    3. Broderick JP,
    4. Campbell BC, et al

    . The Heidelberg Bleeding Classification. Stroke 2015;46:2981–86 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010049 pmid:26330447

    FREE Full Text
23. 23.↵
    2. Parrilla G,
    3. García-Villalba B,
    4. de Rueda ME, et al

    . Hemorrhage/contrast staining areas after mechanical intra-arterial thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke: imaging findings and clinical significance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:1791–96 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3044 pmid:22538076

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    2. Yedavalli V,
    3. Sammet S

    . Contrast extravasation versus hemorrhage after thrombectomy in patients with acute stroke. J Neuroimaging 2017;27:570–76 doi:10.1111/jon.12446 pmid:28514045

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    2. Yoon W,
    3. Seo JJ,
    4. Kim JK, et al

    . Contrast enhancement and contrast extravasation on computed tomography after intra-arterial thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2004;35:876–81 doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000120726.69501.74 pmid:14988575

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    2. Amans MR,
    3. Cooke DL,
    4. Vella M, et al

    . Contrast staining on CT after DSA in ischemic stroke patients progresses to infarction and rarely hemorrhages. Interv Neuroradiol 2014;20:106–15 doi:10.15274/INR-2014-10016 pmid:24556308

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Pinckaers FM,
    3. Mentink MM,
    4. Boogaarts HD, et al

    . Early post-endovascular treatment contrast extravasation on dual-energy CT is associated with clinical and radiological stroke outcomes: a 10-year single-centre experience. Eur Stroke J 2023;8:508–16 doi:10.1177/23969873231157901 pmid:37231689

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    2. Ma C,
    3. Xu D,
    4. Hui Q, et al

    . Quantitative intracerebral iodine extravasation in risk stratification for intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022;43:1589–96

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
29. 29.↵
    2. Renú A,
    3. Amaro S,
    4. Laredo C, et al

    . Relevance of blood–brain barrier disruption after endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015;46:673–79 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.008147 pmid:25657188

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Chrzan R,
    3. Łasocha B,
    4. Brzegowy P, et al

    . Dual energy computed tomography in differentiation of iodine contrast agent staining from secondary brain haemorrhage in patients with ischaemic stroke treated with thrombectomy. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2022;56:68–74 doi:10.5603/PJNNS.a2022.0005 pmid:34985116

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    2. Arnould MC,
    3. Grandin CB,
    4. Peeters A, et al

    . Comparison of CT and three MR sequences for detecting and categorizing early (48 hours) hemorrhagic transformation in hyperacute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:939–44

    PubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    2. Arba F,
    3. Piccardi B,
    4. Palumbo V, et al

    . Blood–brain barrier leakage and hemorrhagic transformation: the Reperfusion Injury in Ischemic StroKe (RISK) study. Eur J Neurol 2021;28:3147–54 doi:10.1111/ene.14985 pmid:34143500

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Bang OY,
    3. Saver JL,
    4. Alger JR

    , UCLA MRI Permeability Investigators, et al. Patterns and predictors of blood–brain barrier permeability derangements in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009;40:454–61 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.522847 pmid:19038915

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
34. 34.↵
    2. Donahue J,
    3. Wintermark M

    . Perfusion CT and acute stroke imaging: foundations, applications, and literature review. J Neuroradiol 2015;42:21–29 doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2014.11.003 pmid:25636991

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    2. Heye AK,
    3. Culling RD,
    4. Valdés Hernández MD, et al

    . Assessment of blood–brain barrier disruption using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: a systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2014;6:262–74 doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.09.002 pmid:25379439

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Desilles JP,
    3. Rouchaud A,
    4. Labreuche J, et al

    . Blood–brain barrier disruption is associated with increased mortality after endovascular therapy. Neurology 2013;80:844–51 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828406de pmid:23365060

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
37. 37.↵
    2. Avsenik J,
    3. Bisdas S,
    4. Popovic KS

    . Blood–brain barrier permeability imaging using perfusion computed tomography. Radiol Oncol 2015;49:107–14 doi:10.2478/raon-2014-0029 pmid:26029020

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    2. Hawkins BT,
    3. Davis TP

    . The blood–brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2005;57:173–85 doi:10.1124/pr.57.2.4 pmid:15914466

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
39. 39.↵
    2. An H,
    3. Zhao W,
    4. Wang J, et al

    . Contrast staining may be associated with intracerebral hemorrhage but not functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy. Aging Dis 2019;10:784–92 doi:10.14336/AD.2018.0807 pmid:31440384

    CrossRefPubMed
40. 40.↵
    2. van der Steen W,
    3. van der Ende NA,
    4. Luijten SP, et al

    . Type of intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular stroke treatment: association with functional outcome. J NeuroIntervent Surg 2023;15:971–76 doi:10.1136/jnis-2022-019474

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
41. 41.↵
    2. Zhang W,
    3. Fourcade F,
    4. Amrane A, et al

    . Removal of iodine-containing X-ray contrast media from environment: the challenge of a total mineralization. Molecules 2023;28:341 doi:10.3390/molecules28010341

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    2. Dekker HM,
    3. Stroomberg GJ,
    4. Prokop M

    . Tackling the increasing contamination of the water supply by iodinated contrast media. Insights Imaging 2022;13:30 doi:10.1186/s13244-022-01175-x pmid:35201493

    CrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    2. Nikoubashman O,
    3. Reich A,
    4. Gindullis M, et al

    . Clinical significance of post-interventional cerebral hyperdensities after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke. Neuroradiology 2014;56:41–50 doi:10.1007/s00234-013-1303-1 pmid:24306553

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    2. Song SY,
    3. Ahn SY,
    4. Rhee JJ, et al

    . Extent of contrast enhancement on non-enhanced computed tomography after intra-arterial thrombectomy for acute infarction on anterior circulation: as a predictive value for malignant brain edema. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015;58:321–27 doi:10.3340/jkns.2015.58.4.321 pmid:26587184

    CrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    2. Wagner MW,
    3. Namdar K,
    4. Biswas A, et al

    . Radiomics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence: what the neuroradiologist needs to know. Neuroradiology 2021;63:1957–67 doi:10.1007/s00234-021-02813-9 pmid:34537858

    CrossRefPubMed
46. 46.↵
    2. Chen X,
    3. Li Y,
    4. Zhou Y, et al

    . CT-based radiomics for differentiating intracranial contrast extravasation from intraparenchymal haemorrhage after mechanical thrombectomy. Eur Radiol 2022;32:4771–79 doi:10.1007/s00330-022-08541-9 pmid:35113213

    CrossRefPubMed