Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of white matter hyperintensities on the diffusion characteristics of crossing tracts is unclear. This study used quantitative tractography at 3T MR imaging to compare, in the same individuals, the diffusion characteristics of corpus callosum tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities with the diffusion characteristics of corpus callosum tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brain T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery–weighted and diffusion tensor 3T MR imaging scans were acquired in 24 individuals with white matter hyperintensities. Tractography data were generated by the Fiber Assignment by Continuous Tracking method. White matter hyperintensities and corpus callosum tracts were manually segmented. In the corpus callosum, the fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity of tracts crossing white matter hyperintensities were compared with the fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity of tracts that did not cross white matter hyperintensities. The cingulum, long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and thalamic projection fibers were included for comparison.
RESULTS: Within the corpus callosum, tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities had decreased fractional anisotropy compared with tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities (P = .002). Within the cingulum, tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities had increased radial diffusivity compared with tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities (P = .001).
CONCLUSIONS: In the corpus callosum and cingulum, tracts had worse diffusion characteristics when they crossed white matter hyperintensities. These results support a role for white matter hyperintensities in the disruption of crossing tracts.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CC
- corpus callosum
- CC-WMH tracts
- corpus callosum tracts crossing white matter hyperintensities
- FA
- fractional anisotropy
- MD
- mean diffusivity
- RD
- radial diffusivity
- WMH
- white matter hyperintensities
- WMH tracts
- tracts crossing white matter hyperintensities
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural tract with >200 million axons connecting the cerebral hemispheres.1 Atrophy of the CC is a marker of neurodegeneration and has been reported in cerebrovascular disease.2⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–8 White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are high-signal lesions on T2-weighted MR imaging that represent cerebral small vessel disease and have been associated with CC atrophy.7,9⇓⇓⇓⇓–14 The reason for changes in the corpus callosum with WMH is unclear. Earlier studies have suggested that WMH may be an incidental finding and that CC atrophy results from a coexisting disease process.7,10⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–17 For example, WMH are seen with Alzheimer disease, in which CC atrophy can occur by cortical atrophy and subsequent Wallerian degeneration of corpus callosum fibers originating from pyramidal neurons.7,10,13,15,16 These studies also suggest that WMH may directly cause CC atrophy by disrupting fibers of the corpus callosum as they are passing through the ischemic lesions in the deep white mater.7,10⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–17
Diffusion tensor imaging can detect early changes in white matter microstructure before atrophy occurs and could clarify the relationship between WMH and the CC.18 In DTI, pathologic processes that alter the structural integrity of tracts lead to changes in water diffusion and mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) as well as changes in the directionality of diffusion and fractional anisotropy (FA).18,19 In patients with WMH, decreased FA and increased MD were found in the CC.13 Another study demonstrated correlations among CC atrophy, the FA/MD of deep white matter, and the FA/MD of the CC.17 These results confirm an association between WMH and the entire CC but do not distinguish between the effects of WMH on callosum tracts that cross WMH (CC-WMH) and those that do not cross WMH. If CC-WMH tracts had worse diffusion characteristics than CC tracts not crossing WMH, this feature would support an increased role for WMH in changes in the corpus callosum.
Tractography is an application of DTI that allows the reconstruction of white matter tracts.18 In quantitative tractography, the diffusion characteristics (MD, RD, and FA) along the full trajectory of select fiber tracts can be assessed.18 This study used quantitative tractography to compare the diffusion characteristics of CC-WMH tracts with those of CC tracts not crossing WMH. For comparison, this study also performed a similar analysis in tracts that crossed WMH (WMH tracts) compared with those that did not cross WMH (lesion-free tracts) in the cingulum, long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and thalamic projection fibers. We hypothesized that CC-WMH tracts would have worse diffusion characteristics (increased MD and RD and decreased FA) compared with CC tracts not crossing WMH.
Materials and Methods
Participants
The study was approved by the research ethics board of Queen's University. All participants provided written informed consent before entering the study. All participants underwent a 3T MR imaging brain scan within 2 weeks of cognitive testing, which included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment,20 the Wechsler Memory Scale-III longest span backward,21 the Wechsler Memory Scale-III longest span forward,21 the Stroop Test,22 and Letter-Number Sequencing.21 Exclusion criteria included a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia or the presence of metallic objects, devices, or conditions unsafe for MR imaging. The inclusion criterion was the presence of white matter hyperintensities on T2 FLAIR imaging. Ninety-one participants had MR imaging scans, of which 24 subjects met the inclusion criteria for the study. The demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data for participantsa
MR Imaging
All brain imaging was acquired in 1 session on a 3T Magnetom Trio MR imaging system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a 12-channel head coil. A high-resolution anatomic scan was acquired with a sagittal T1-weighted 3D magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo sequence (FOV, 256 mm; spatial resolution, 1 × 1 × 1 mm3; TR, 1760 ms; TE, 2.2 ms; flip angle, 9°; number of sections, 176). An axial T2-weighted 2D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence interleaved scan was acquired for detecting white matter hyperintensities (FOV, 250 mm; voxel size, 1 × 1× 3 mm3; TR, 9000 ms; TE, 79 ms; flip angle, 180°; number of sections, 40). Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired in 30 directions by using a single-shot echo-planar imaging sequence with 31 volumes of 60 axial sections (b-value 1 = 0 s/mm2 and b-value 2 = 1000 s/mm2; section thickness, 2 mm; TR/TE, 7800/95 ms; FOV, 256 × 256 mm2; acquisition matrix, 128 × 128, resulting in a resolution of 2 × 2 × 2 mm3).
Image Analysis
Analysis was performed with a method described in earlier studies.23,24 Briefly, diffusion-weighted images were corrected for eddy current distortions by using the Diffusion Toolbox in the FMRIB Software Library (FSL; www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FDT25). DTI reconstruction of the preprocessed data from FSL was completed with the Diffusion Toolkit 0.5 (TrackVis; www.trackvis.org/dtk). The output included diffusion tensor data, parametric diffusion-weighted imaging, and FA and MD maps. Tracts were created in the Diffusion Toolkit by the Fiber Assignment by Continuous Tracking method.26 The subject's T2 FLAIR MR imaging was registered to the diffusion-weighted image map by using 3DSlicer 4.1 (www.slicer.org). Tractography data and registered T2 FLAIR were analyzed with TrackVis. All WMH on axial T2 FLAIR were segmented manually. The borders of individual WMH were identified with windowing of the axial T2 FLAIR sections. Individual WMH were outlined section-by-section on all 40 axial T2 FLAIR sections for each patient by using a mouse-controlled interface on TrackVis. Although there is high intrarater and interrater variability, expert manual segmentation of WMH is the criterion standard for segmenting WMH.27 The software generated a single ROI that encompassed all voxels within outlined areas. WMH lesion volume was measured as the total number of voxels that were within the WMH. The locations of WMH were manually classified by using axial, sagittal, and coronal T2 FLAIR reconstructions as periventricular (contiguous with the ventricular system), deep frontal, deep temporal, deep parietal, and deep occipital.28⇓⇓–31
For the analysis of the specific white matter tracts, ROIs were manually placed within tracts of interest by using axial and sagittal color FA maps and T2 FLAIR. Tracts of interest were segmented by choosing tracts with any part through the ROIs. Segmented tracts included the corpus callosum, cingulum, long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and thalamic projection fibers (example in Fig 1). For the analysis of WMH tracts, ROIs were combined to select tracts. For example, to segment CC-WMH tracts, tracts with any part through the WMH ROI and any part through the ROI for segmenting the corpus callosum were selected (Fig 1A). The number, mean FA, mean MD, and RD (average of the second and third eigenvalues19) of WMH tracts were measured. For the analysis of tracts not crossing WMH, ROIs were again combined. For example, to segment tracts within the corpus callosum that did not cross WMH, tracts with no part through the WMH ROI and any part through the ROI for segmenting the corpus callosum were selected (Fig 1A). The number, mean FA, mean MD, and RD of these lesion-free tracts were measured. The percentage of WMH tracts was calculated as the ratio of the number of WMH tracts to the combined number of WMH tracts and lesion-free tracts.
Tract segmentation, WMH tracts, and lesion-free tracts. Axial T2 FLAIR demonstrates white matter hyperintensities, tractography representation of the entire tracts, WMH tracts, and lesion-free tracts in the corpus callosum (A), cingulum (B), association fibers (C), corticospinal/bulbar tract (D), and thalamic tracts (E).
Statistical Analysis
StatPlus for Windows (AnalystSoft, Walnut, California) was used for statistical analysis. The nonparametric sign test was used to compare the FA, MD, and RD of tracts crossing WMH with tracts not crossing WMH within subjects. Subjects were included in the analysis when they had tracts crossing WMH. Due to multiple testing, a Bonferroni correction was used to adjust P values. P values < .01 were considered statistically significant.
Results
The demographic characteristics of the participants are described in Table 1. The age of participants ranged from 56 to 89 years. All participants had periventricular WMH, 18 (75%) had deep frontal WMH, 11 (46%) had deep parietal WMH, 3 (13%) had deep occipital WMH, and no participants had deep temporal WMH. WMH were located in the CC in all 24 participants, in the cingulum of 17 (71%) participants, in the association tracts of 21 (88%) participants, in the corticospinal/bulbar tract of 20 (83%) participants, and in the thalamic tracts of 16 (67%) participants. Within these tracts, the mean percentage of fibers crossing WMH was 14% ± 14% of the CC, 3% ± 5% of the cingulum, 4% ± 4% of association fibers, 4% ± 6% of the corticospinal/bulbar tract, and 1% ± 2% of thalamic tracts. The CC-WMH tracts and cingulum WMH tracts crossed only periventricular WMH.
CC-WMH tracts had decreased FA compared with CC lesion-free tracts (Table 2). The percentage decrease in FA of WMH tracts compared with lesion-free tracts was 9% ± 9% in the CC, 1% ± 13% in the cingulum, 3% ± 11% in the association fibers, 6% ± 12% in the corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and −2% ± 14% in the thalamic tracts. There was no significant difference in the MD or RD between CC-WMH tracts and CC lesion-free tracts (Table 2). There was increased RD in cingulum-WMH tracts compared with cingulum lesion-free tracts (Table 2). The percentage increase in the RD of WMH tracts compared with lesion-free tracts was −2% ± 15% in the CC, 21% ± 23% in the cingulum, 1% ± 7% in the association fibers, 6% ± 15% in the corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and 5% ± 25% in the thalamic tracts. For the other major white matter tracts, there were no significant differences in the FA, MD, or RD between tracts crossing WMH and those not crossing WMH (Table 2).
Comparison in major white matter tracts of the fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity of tracts crossing and not crossing WMHa
Discussion
This is the first tractography study to compare tracts on the basis of whether they crossed WMH. Decreased FA was found in CC-WMH tracts compared with CC tracts not crossing WMH and is indicative of greater white matter abnormalities in CC tracts crossing through WMH. WMH were associated with modest white matter abnormalities in the CC (8% reduction in FA in 14% of all CC tracts). The association between decreased FA in the CC and WMH is consistent with that in earlier studies.13,17 Increased RD was found in the cingulum WMH tracts compared with cingulum lesion-free tracts and is suggestive of greater abnormalities in the myelination of cingulum tracts crossing through WMH. WMH were also associated with modest white matter abnormalities in the cingulum (a 21% increase in RD in 3% of all cingulum tracts). Earlier studies have reported involvement of the cingulum by WMH; however, this is the first study to detect increased RD.32⇓–34 This tractography study demonstrates that WMH are associated with modest altered diffusion characteristics in crossing tracts.
Earlier studies have suggested that WMH may be incidental markers of a disease process that is disrupting white matter tracts.7,10⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–17 If WMH are markers of a disease process, our results suggest that WMH are preferentially located on tracts with greater disruption by that disease process. WMH are known to preferentially develop in normal-appearing white matter areas with lower FA than in areas that remain lesion-free.35 Earlier studies have also suggested that WMH may disrupt passing tracts.7,10⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–17 Our results support this theory because the structural integrity of the CC and cingulum tracts was worse when they passed through WMH. WMH consist of mild-to-marked demyelination, axonal loss, and astrogliosis and have reduced FA, increased MD, and increased RD within the lesions.35⇓–37 The FA of CC-WMH tracts or the RD of cingulum WMH tracts reflects a combination of the diffusion characteristics within the WMH and the portions of the tracts extending beyond the lesions. If the altered diffusion characteristics within WMH accounted for the differences between CC-WMH tracts and CC tracts not crossing WMH or cingulum WMH tracts and cingulum lesion-free tracts, we would have expected to see similar differences in FA and RD between WMH tracts and lesion-free tracts in the long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and thalamic projection fibers. We were unable to detect any difference between WMH tracts and lesion-free tracts in any of the other major white matter tracts, suggesting that WMH may have additional effects on segments of CC-WMH tracts and cingulum WMH tracts outside the lesions. WMH have been previously associated with diffusion abnormalities in normal-appearing white matter closer to WMH.35,36 Wallerian degeneration is a mechanism by which a lesion can produce disruption elsewhere along the length of the tract.7,10,13,15,16 Decreased FA and increased RD, which we have detected in this study, have been previously associated with Wallerian degeneration.19,38,39
Consistent with earlier studies, the periventricular area was the most common location of WMH.28⇓⇓–31 In this study, CC-WMH tracts and cingulum WMH tracts crossed only periventricular WMH. In this study, the CC was the tract most likely, in participants, to cross through WMH and had the greatest proportion of fibers crossing through WMH. The greater involvement by WMH and altered FA may explain why atrophy of the CC has been noted earlier with WMH.7,10,11⇓⇓–14 In this study, the cingulum, long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tract, and thalamic fibers were all shown to cross WMH. The cingulum was the only other tract to demonstrate abnormal diffusion in WMH tracts.
It is unclear why CC-WMH tracts were not associated with increased MD and RD and why cingulum WMH tracts were not associated with decreased FA or increased MD. This lack of information may relate to the small sample size of this study. The altered diffusion characteristics detected were modest in size, and the study may have been underpowered to detect other smaller diffusion changes. The decreased tract involvement by WMH of long association fibers and corticospinal/bulbar tract and thalamic fibers compared with the CC may account for no diffusion abnormalities being detected in these tracts. Another limitation of this study is the accuracy of WMH tract reconstruction. The tractography methodology used in this study relies on FA for fiber tracking and reconstruction.26 Some tracts crossing WMH may not have been propagated through the WMH due to the decreased FA within the lesions. This omission may have resulted in some WMH tracts being incorrectly classified as lesion-free tracts. The T2 FLAIR and diffusion tensor images had different resolutions and required registration. Due to errors in alignment, some tracts may have been incorrectly classified as WMH tracts or lesion-free tracts. Another limitation of this study is that diffusion characteristics are an indirect measure of axonal integrity.18 While poor diffusion measures are suggestive of structural disruption, they do not necessarily represent functional disconnection.
Despite these limitations, this study suggests the role WMH have in the disruption of CC and cingulum favors tracts crossing through WMH lesions. WMH may be marking injury or causing disruption of crossing tracts. Future studies with larger cohorts should assess longitudinal changes in WMH and the diffusion characteristics of the CC and cingulum, as the temporal sequence of changes may improve our understanding of WMH as a cause or marker of tract disruption.
Conclusions
Tractography at 3T MR imaging of the corpus callosum demonstrated that tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities had decreased fractional anisotropy compared with tracts that did not pass through white matter hyperintensities (P = .002). In the cingulum, tracts that crossed white matter hyperintensities had increased radial diffusivity compared with tracts that did not cross white matter hyperintensities (P = .001). These differences in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity between tracts crossing and not crossing white matter hyperintensities were not detected in the long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, and thalamic projection fibers. Overall, these results support a role for white matter hyperintensities in the disruption of crossing corpus callosum and cingulum tracts.
References
- Received December 24, 2015.
- Accepted after revision February 16, 2016.
- © 2016 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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