Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Spoiled GRASS MR images (200/5) with PEPSI lactate activation overlay from a participant with dyslexia. Note the large area of lactate activation in the left frontal region that is no longer observed after treatment.
A, Image before treatment.
B, Image after treatment.
- Fig 2.
Bar graph of the number of averaged activated voxels (normalized to control values), as defined by increases in lactate concentration in the left frontal brain quadrant during MR spectroscopy, in both patients with dyslexia and in control subjects. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean. The asterisk indicates that the results of comparisons between patients and control subjects were significantly different. The data were collected by using PEPSI (TR/TE, 4000/144).
- Fig 3.
Baseline-corrected proton spectra from a dyslexic participant in the left frontal region of the brain shows significant lactate activation during the phonologic task. The inverted lactate proton doublet can be observed at 1.3 ppm during the phonologic task (left) but not during passive listening (right). The other resonance that can be observed in the spectra is NAA.
Tables
Measure Patients with Dyslexia Control Subjects Mean SD Mean SD Verbal IQ 115.5 10.2 120.1 15.5 Word identification* 83.5 11.5 109.3 5.9 Word attack† 86.8 7.7 107.3 5.3 Phonologic‡ 8.8 1.6 11.3 1.4 RAN letters§ 2.2 1.9 −0.7 0.6 RAN switching letters/numbers§ 3.9 3.2 −0.4 0.8 Orthographic word choice‖ 33.3 20.0 71.3 11.3 * Real words were used.
† Pronounceable pseudowords were used.
‡ The task was to delete sounds in spoken words. The frequency of correct responses was recorded.
§ The task was to rapidly but accurately name rows of continuous letters or alternating letters and digits. Z scores were based on grade norms for time (in seconds), with positive scores indicating performance slower and below the mean and negative scores indicating performance faster and above the mean.
‖ The task was to choose correctly spelled words from three choices pronounced the same or nearly the same. The percentage of correct responses was recorded.
- TABLE 2:
Accuracy and reaction time of patients with dyslexia and control subjects in response to phonologic and lexical judgment tasks
Session and Task Patients with Dyslexia Control Subjects Accuracy Reaction Time Accuracy Reaction Time Training before first session Phonologic 91 ± 8 1731 ± 245 94 ± 8 1179 ± 453 Lexical 95 ± 5 1675 ± 307 89 ± 7 1247 ± 264 During first session Phonologic 85 ± 16 1475 ± 165 97 ± 2 1178 ± 45 Lexical 84 ± 9 1614 ± 272 89 ± 7 1440 ± 245 During second session Phonologic 85 ± 16 1546 ± 238 94 ± 11 1378 ± 286 Lexical 84 ± 15 1568 ± 205 88 ± 8 1512 ± 182 - TABLE 3:
Change in lactate activation in the left frontal region during the phonological task as a function of treatment
Change in Lactate Activation Phonologic Treatment Morphologic Treatment Decrease 0 5 Increase 4 1 - TABLE 4:
Change in lactate activation in the right parietal region during lexical task as a function of treatment
Change in Lactate Activation Phonologic Treatment Morphologic Treatment Decrease 4 4 Increase 0 2
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