Is the Subthalamic Nucleus Hypointense on T2-Weighted Images? A Correlation Study Using MR Imaging and Stereotactic Atlas Data

References

1. ↵
   Bejjani BP, Dormont D, Pidoux B, et al. Bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson disease by using three-dimensional stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological guidance. J Neurosurg 2000;92:615–625

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. ↵
   Voges J, Volkmann J, Allert N, et al. Bilateral high-frequency stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson disease: correlation of therapeutic effect with anatomical electrode position. J Neurosurg 2002;96:269–279

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   Pollak P, Benabid AL, Limousin P, Benazzouz A. Chronic intracerebral stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 1997;74:213–220

   PubMed
4. ↵
   Limousin P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, et al. Effect of parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Lancet 1995;345:91–95

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. ↵
   Carpenter M. The subthalamic region. In: Carpenter M, ed. Human Neuroanatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;1976 :509–511
6. ↵
   Zonenshayn M, Rezai AR, Mogilner AY, Beric A, Sterio D, Kelly PJ. Comparison of anatomic and neurophysiological methods for subthalamic nucleus targeting. Neurosurgery 2000;47:282–294

   CrossRefPubMed
7. ↵
   Schuurman PR, de Bie RM, Majoie CB, Speelman JD, Bosch DA. A prospective comparison between three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and ventriculography for target-coordinate determination in frame-based functional stereotactic neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 1999;91:911–914

   PubMed
8. ↵
   Starr PA, Vitek JL, DeLong M, Bakay RA. Magnetic resonance imaging-based stereotactic localization of the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. Neurosurgery 1999;44:303–314

   PubMedWeb of Science
9. ↵
   Benabid AL, Benazzouz A, Gao D, et al. Chronic electrical stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus and of other nuclei as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Tech Neurosurg 1999;5:5–30
10. ↵
    Drayer B, Burger P, Darwin R, Riederer S, Herfkens R, Johnson GA. MRI of brain iron. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986;147:103–110

    PubMedWeb of Science
11. ↵
    Drayer BP. Imaging of the aging brain: part I: normal findings. Radiology 1988;166:785–796

    PubMedWeb of Science
12. Thomas LO, Boyko OB, Anthony DC, Burger PC. MR detection of brain iron. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:1043–1048

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. Ordidge RJ, Gorell JM, Deniau JC, Knight RA, Helpern JA. Assessment of relative brain iron concentrations using T2-weighted and T2*-weighted MRI at 3 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 1994;32:335–341

    PubMedWeb of Science
14. ↵
    Ye FQ, Allen PS, Martin WR. Basal ganglia iron content in Parkinson’s disease measured with magnetic resonance. Mov Disord 1996;11:243–249

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. ↵
    Drayer BP. Basal ganglia: significance of signal hypointensity on T2-weighted MR images. Radiology 1989;173:311–312

    PubMedWeb of Science
16. ↵
    Chen JC, Hardy PA, Kucharczyk W, et al. MR of human postmortem brain tissue: correlative study between T2 and assays of iron and ferritin in Parkinson and Huntington disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:275–281

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
17. ↵
    Gomori JM, Grossman RI. The relation between regional brain iron and T2 shortening. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:1049–1050

    FREE Full Text
18. ↵
    Yelnik J, Damier P, Demeret S, et al. Localization of stimulating electrodes in patients with Parkinson’s disease by using a three-dimensional atlas-magnetic resonance imaging coregistration method. J Neurosurg 2003;99:89–99

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    Schaltenbrand G, Wahren W. Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain. Georg Thieme Verlag,1977
20. ↵
    Yelnik J, Damier P, Bejjani BP, et al. Functional mapping of the human globus pallidus: contrasting effect of stimulation in the internal and external pallidum in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 2000;101:77–87

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. ↵
    Perls M. Evidence for the presence of iron oxide in certain pigments [in German]. Virchows Arch Path Anat 1867;39:42–48

    CrossRef
22. ↵
    Yelnik J. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia [Suppl 3]. Mov Disord 2002;17:S15−S21
23. ↵
    Hariz MI, Bergenheim AT. A comparative study on ventriculographic and computerized tomography-guided determinations of brain targets in functional stereotaxis. J Neurosurg 1990;73:565–571

    CrossRefPubMed
24. Holtzheimer PE III, Roberts DW, Darcey TM. Magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography for target localization in functional stereotactic neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 1999;45:290–298

    CrossRefPubMed
25. Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI. Leksell’s posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosurg 1992;76:53–61

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. ↵
    Tasker RR, Dostrovsky JO, Dolan EJ. Computerized tomography (CT) is just as accurate as ventriculography for functional stereotactic thalamotomy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1991;57:157–166

    PubMedWeb of Science
27. ↵
    Patel NK, Heywood P, O’Sullivan K, Love S, Gill SS. MRI-directed subthalamic nucleus surgery for Parkinson’s disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2002;78:132–145

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. Egidi M, Rampini P, Locatelli M, et al. Visualisation of the subthalamic nucleus: a multiple sequential image fusion (MuSIF) technique for direct stereotaxic localisation and postoperative control [Suppl 2]. Neurol Sci 2002;23:S71−S72
29. ↵
    Saint-Cyr JA, Hoque T, Pereira LC, et al. Localization of clinically effective stimulating electrodes in the human subthalamic nucleus on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 2002;97:1152–1166

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. ↵
    Bradley WG, Chen DY, Atkinson DJ, Edelman RE. Fast spin-echo and echo-planar imaging. In: Bradley WG, ed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. St Louis: Mosby;1999 :125–157
31. ↵
    Benabid AL, Koudsie A, Benazzouz A, Le Bas JF, Pollak P. Imaging of subthalamic nucleus and ventralis intermedius of the thalamus [Suppl 3]. Mov Disord 2002;17:S123−S129
32. ↵
    Starr PA, Christine CW, Theodosopoulos PV, et al. Implantation of deep brain stimulators into the subthalamic nucleus: technical approach and magnetic resonance imaging-verified lead locations. J Neurosurg 2002;97:370–387

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. ↵
    Rutledge JN, Hilal SK, Silver AJ, Defendini R, Fahn S. Study of movement disorders and brain iron by MR. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149:365–379

    PubMedWeb of Science
34. ↵
    Aoki S, Okada Y, Nishimura K, et al. Normal deposition of brain iron in childhood and adolescence: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1989;172:381–385

    PubMedWeb of Science
35. ↵
    Hallgren B, Sourander P. The effect of age on the non-haemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem 1958;3:41–51

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
36. ↵
    Milton WJ, Atlas SW, Lexa FJ, Mozley PD, Gur RE. Deep gray matter hypointensity patterns with aging in healthy adults: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1991;181:715–719

    PubMedWeb of Science
37. ↵
    Pujol J, Junque C, Vendrell P, et al. Biological significance of iron-related magnetic resonance imaging changes in the brain. Arch Neurol 1992;49:711–717

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. ↵
    Francois C, Nguyen-Legros J, Percheron G. Topographical and cytological localization of iron in rat and monkey brains. Brain Res 1981;215:317–322

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. ↵
    Parent A. Extrinsic connections of the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 1990;13:254–258

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
40. ↵
    Riederer P, Dirr A, Goetz M, Sofic E, Jellinger K, Youdim MB. Distribution of iron in different brain regions and subcellular compartments in Parkinson’s disease [Suppl]. Ann Neurol 1992;32:S101−S104
41. ↵
    Dexter DT, Jenner P, Schapira AH, Marsden CD. Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia: The Royal Kings and Queens Parkinson’s Disease Research Group. Ann Neurol 1992;32[suppl]:S94−S100
42. ↵
    Dexter DT, Carayon A, Javoy-Agid F, et al. Alterations in the levels of iron, ferritin and other trace metals in Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Brain 1991;114:1953–1975

    Abstract/FREE Full Text