Research ArticleBRAIN
Fast Detection of Diffuse Axonal Damage in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Gradient-Recalled Echo and Turbo Proton Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging MRI Sequences
Elisabetta Giugni, Umberto Sabatini, Gisela E. Hagberg, Rita Formisano and Alessandro Castriota-Scanderbeg
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2005, 26 (5) 1140-1148;
Elisabetta Giugni
Umberto Sabatini
Gisela E. Hagberg
Rita Formisano
Alessandro Castriota-Scanderbeg

References
- ↵McLellan DR. The structural bases of coma and recovery: insights from brain injury in humans and experimental animals. In: Sandel ME, Ellis DW, eds. The Coma-Emerging Patient. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus;1990 :389–407
- ↵Graham DI. Neuropathology of head injury. In: Narayan RK, Wilburger JE, Povlishock JT, eds. Neurotrauma. New York: McGraw-Hill;1996 :43–59
- ↵Meythaler JM, Peduzz JD, Eleftheriou E, Novack TA. Current concepts: diffuse axonal injury-associated traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1461–1471
- ↵Gentry LR. Imaging of closed head trauma. Radiology 1994;297:1–17
- Wardlaw JM, Statham PFX. How often is haemosiderin not visible on routine MR following traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage? Neuroradiology 2000;42:81–84
- ↵Scheid R, Preul C, Gruber O, Wiggins C, von Cramon Y. Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2‐weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1049–1056
- ↵Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF, et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15(8):1583–1589
- ↵Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR. Diffuse axonal injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology 1989;15:49–59
- ↵Parizel PM, Ozsarlak O, Van Goethem JW, et al. Imaging findings in diffuse axonal injury after closed head trauma. Eur Radiol 1998;8:960–965
- ↵Bradley WG. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 1993;189:15–26
- ↵Patel MR, Edelman RR, Warach S. Detection of hyperacute primary intraparenchymal haemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 1996;27:2321–2324
- ↵Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, et al. Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury: improved detection and initial results. Radiology 2003;227:332–339
- ↵Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Roob G, et al. Histopathologic analysis of foci of signal loss on gradient-echo T2‐weighted MR images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:637–642
- ↵Kuzma BB, Goodman JM. Improved identification of axonal shear injuries with gradient echo MR technique. Surg Neurol 2000;53:400–402
- ↵Yanagawa Y, Tsushima Y, Tokumaru A, et al. A quantitative analysis of head injury using T2-weighted gradient-echo imaging. J Trauma 2000;49:272–277
- ↵Edelman R, Wielopolski P, Schimitt F. Echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 1994;192:600–612
- ↵Patel MR, Siewert B, Klufas R, Yousuf N, Edelman RR, Warach S. Echoplanar MR imaging for ultra-fast detection of brain lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173(2):479–485
- ↵Posse S, Dager SR, Richards TL, et al. In vivo measurement of regional brain metabolic response to hyperventilation using magnetic resonance: proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI). Magn Reson Med 1997;37:858–865
- ↵Posse S, Wiese S, Gembris D, et al. Enhancement of BOLD-contrast sensitivity by single-shot multi-echo functional MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 1999;42:87–97
- ↵Hagberg GE, Indovina I, Sanes JN, Posse S. Real-time quantification of T2* changes using multiecho planar imaging and numerical methods. Magn Reson Med 2002;48(5):877–882
- ↵Liang L, Korogi Y, Sugahara T, et al. Detection of intracranial hemorrhage with susceptibility-weighted MR sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1527–1534
- ↵Kinoshita T, Okudera T, Tamura H, Ogawa T, Hatazawa J. Assessment of lacunar haemorrhage associated with hypertensive stroke by echo-planar gradient-echo T2‐weighted MRI. Stroke 2000;31:1646–1650
- ↵Lin Doris DM, Filippi CG, Steever AB, Zimmerman RD. Detection of intracranial hemorrhage: comparison between gradient-echo images and b0 images obtained from diffusion-weighted echo-planar sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1275–1281
- ↵Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975;1:480–484
- ↵Teasdale TW, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974;11:81–84
- ↵Smith DH, Chen XH, Pierce JE, et al. Progressive atrophy and neuron death for one year following brain trauma in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1997;14:715–727
- Kampfl A, Schmutzhard E, Franz G, et al. Prediction of recovery from post-traumatic vegetative state with cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Lancet 1998;351:1763–1767
- Raghupathi R, Graham DI, McIntosh TK. Apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:927–938
- Garnett MR, Cadoux-Hudson TA, Styles P. How useful is magnetic resonance imaging in predicting severity and outcome in traumatic brain injury? Curr Opin Neurol 2001;14(6):753–757
- Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA, Maxwell WL. Diffuse axonal injury in non missile head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:481–483
- Gean AD. Imaging of Head Trauma. New York: Raven;1994 :207–248
- ↵Smith DH, Nonaka M, Miller R, et al. Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstem. J Neurosurg 2000;93:315–322
- ↵Toide K. Effects amantadine on dopaminergic neurons in discrete regions of the rat brain. Pharm Res 1990;7:670–667
- Meythaler JM, Brunner RC, Johnson A, Novack TA. Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: a pilot double-blind randomized trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2002;17:300–313
- Goldstein LB. Pharmacologic modulation of recovery after stroke: clinical data. J Neurol Rehabil 1991;5:129–140
- ↵Matsuda W, Matsumura A, Komatsu Y, Yanaka K, Nose T. Awakenings from persistent vegetative state: report of three cases with parkinsonism and brain stem lesions on MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1571–1573
- ↵De La Paz RL. Echo-planar Imaging. Radiographics 1994;14:1045–1048
- ↵
- ↵Reichenbach JR, Essig M, Haacke EM, et al. High-resolution venography of the brain using magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Materials Biol Phys Med 1998;6:62–69
- ↵Lee BCP, Vo KD, Kido DK, et al. MR high-resolution blood oxygenation level-dependent venography of occult (low-flow) vascular lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1239–1242
- ↵Besenski N. Traumatic injuries: imaging of head injuries. Eur Radiol 2002;12:1237–1252
- ↵Kampfl A, Franz G, Aichner FE, et al. The persistent vegetative state after closed head injury: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 42 patients. J Neurosurg 1998;88:809–816
- ↵Takaoka M, Tabuse H, Kumura E, et al. Semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum injury using magnetic resonance imaging indicates clinical severity in patients with diffuse axonal injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:289–293
In this issue
Advertisement
Elisabetta Giugni, Umberto Sabatini, Gisela E. Hagberg, Rita Formisano, Alessandro Castriota-Scanderbeg
Fast Detection of Diffuse Axonal Damage in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Gradient-Recalled Echo and Turbo Proton Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging MRI Sequences
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2005, 26 (5) 1140-1148;
0 Responses
Fast Detection of Diffuse Axonal Damage in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Gradient-Recalled Echo and Turbo Proton Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging MRI Sequences
Elisabetta Giugni, Umberto Sabatini, Gisela E. Hagberg, Rita Formisano, Alessandro Castriota-Scanderbeg
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2005, 26 (5) 1140-1148;
Jump to section
Related Articles
- No related articles found.
Cited By...
This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
More in this TOC Section
Similar Articles
Advertisement