Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Representative spin-echo images (TE = 6 ms) of the anterior (A) and posterior (B) coronal sections of a control subject. The 14 gray and white matter regions for which R2 data were acquired are shown as representative regions of interest. Lateral frontal cortex (1), lateral temporal cortex (2), corpus callosum (body) (3), caudate nucleus (4), internal capsule (anterior limb) (5), subcortical frontal white matter (6), frontal white matter (7), putamen (8), globus pallidus (9), temporal white matter (10), hippocampus (11), red nucleus (12), thalamus (13), and substantia nigra (14), The 3 circular objects surrounding the head are MnCl2-doped water bags that were used as part of another experiment not described here. The red nucleus is not well defined on this image and was typically delineated on longer echo-time images.
- Fig 2.
Mean R2 values of the control participants for 10 brain regions versus postmortem iron content of normal individuals. Error bars represent SD. Iron concentrations from Hallgren and Sourander.21 Note that frontal (FW) and subcortical frontal white matter (SCFW) regions from this study have been assigned the same iron concentration, because Hallgren and Sourander21 provide iron data for frontal white matter only. CN = caudate nucleus; FG = frontal cortex gray; FW = frontal cortex white; GP = globus pallidus; PUT = putamen; RN = red nucleus; SCFW = subcortical frontal white; SN = substantia nigra; TG = temporal cortex gray; TH = thalamus.
- Fig 3.
R2 values for temporal cortex gray matter (A), the internal capsule (B), temporal cortex white matter (C), and the hippocampus (D) for the control participants and memory-complaint subgroups MC1 and MC2. Error bars around the mean are SD. *Significant difference between controls and MC1 or MC2 (P < .05, one-tailed t test). #Significant difference between controls and MC1 or MC2 (P < .05, after ANCOVA adjustment for age where applicable). †Significant difference between MC1 and MC2 (P < .05, one-tailed t test).
- Fig 4.
Plot of R2 differences between the MC1 subgroup and controls (A), and the MC2 subgroup and controls (B), for the left and right hemispheres. CC = corpus callosum; CN = caudate nucleus; FG = frontal cortex gray; FW = frontal cortex white; GP = globus pallidus; HP = hippocampus; IC = internal capsule; PUT = putamen; RN = red nucleus; SCFW = subcortical frontal white; SN = substantia nigra; TG = temporal cortex gray; TH = thalamus; TW = temporal cortex white. *Significant difference between controls and MC1 or MC2 (P < .05, one-tailed t test). #Significant difference between controls and MC1 or MC2 (P < .05, after ANCOVA adjustment for age where applicable).
Tables
Controls MC1 MC2 No. of individuals 11 6 6 Age (y) 70.7 (6.9) 69.2 (6.8) 75.5 (8.8) Gender % (no.) of men 27 (3) 33 (2) 17 (1) Education (y) 11.6 (2.5) 10.3 (3.7) 11.2 (2.6) MMSE 28.0 (1.7) 25.5 (1.8)* 18.5 (4.3)* NART 110.7 (6.5) 104.9 (4.2) 113.5 (6.0) CVLT-IFR 52.46 (9.1) 43.17 (8.4) 18.67 (8.6)* CVLT-SDFR 10.00 (2.76) 8.67 (1.97) 0.50 (0.84)* CVLT-LDFR 10.64 (2.98) 9.00 (2.97) 0.17 (0.41)* Note.— Data are expressed as means (±SD), except for gender. All neuropsychological data are presented here as raw scores. CVLT indicates California Verbal Learning Test; IFR, immediate free recall; LDFR, long delay free recall; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; NART, National Adult Reading Test; SDFR, short delay free recall.
* Significant difference between controls and MC1 or MC2 subgroups (P < .05, two-tailed t-test).
- Table 2:
Correlation coefficient signs between R2 values and neuropsychological test scores for the 12 subjects with memory complaints
Region Hemisphere MMSE CVLT IFR CVLT SDFR CVLT LDFR Gray matter Globus pallidus L + + − − R + − − − Putamen L − − − − R − − − − Caudate nucleus L − − − − R − − − − Frontal cortex L + − − − R − − − + Temporal cortex L + − − − R − − − − Hippocampus L + + + − R − − − − Thalamus L − − − − R − − − − Red nucleus L − − − − R − − − − Substantia nigra L − − − − R − − − − White matter Corpus callosum L + + + + R + + + − Subcortical frontal white L + + + + R + + + + Internal capsule L − + − − R − − − + Frontal white L + + + + R + + + + Temporal white L + + + + R − − − − Note.— CVLT indicates California Verbal Learning Test; IFR, immediate free recall; LDFR, long delay free recall; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; SDFR, short delay free recall. Data are displayed as the revelant Spearman’s rank-order partial correlation coefficient sign (+, positive; −, negative) for each brain region and test score. Note the overall frequency of negative correlation coefficients for gray matter regions and positive correlation coefficients for white matter regions.
