Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Schematic of a language paradigm. First row, Schematic illustration of a semantic run (duration, 140 seconds [s]). Syntactic runs comprised syntactic tasks instead of semantic tasks. Second row, Construction of pseudorandomized control periods (duration, 20s) and the first sentence of the semantic task 2 (duration: 20s) shown in detail. Every task comprises 2 sentences. Third row, Comparison of the construction of a semantic and a syntactic error sentence (as appearing in semantic/syntactic runs). Note that due to the translation into English, the verbs are no longer at the end of the sentences. The original German sentences read “Er wird den Löwen fahren/zähmen” (semantic error) and “Ich werde die Schrauben befestigt/befestigen” (syntactic error).
- Fig 2.
Coronal, sagittal, and axial views of the applied regions of interest as displayed by the program MARINA: A, Anterior (Broca) region of interest. B, Posterior (Wernicke) region of interest. C, Temporofrontal region of interest.
- Fig 3.
A, Patients with TLE: semantic + syntactic task. 3D view of the language-activation map of both tasks (ie, [semantic + syntactic] tasks) across the whole group of patients with TLE (no region of interest; FDR, P < .05; threshold [T] = 2.879) overlaid on SPM5 standard brain in MNI space. B, Healthy subjects: semantic + syntactic task. 3D view of a language-activation map of both tasks (ie, [semantic + syntactic] tasks) across the whole group of healthy subjects (no region of interest; FDR, P < .05; T = 2.834) overlaid on SPM5 standard brain in MNI space.
- Fig 4.
A, Patients with TLE: semantic − syntactic task. 3D view of a language-activation map shows the differences between the [semantic − syntactic] task across the whole group of patients with TLE (temporofrontal region of interest; FDR, P < .05; threshold [T] = 3.838) overlaid on SPM5 standard brain in MNI space. Note the small activation in the left and right IFGs (BA47) and the left insula (BA13) (yellow arrows, compare with Table 5). B, Healthy subjects: semantic − syntactic task. 3D view of a language-activation map shows the differences between the [semantic − syntactic] task across the whole group of healthy subjects (temporofrontal region of interest; FDR, P < .05, T = 2.710) overlaid on SPM5 standard brain in MNI space (compare Table 6).
Tables
Patients with TLE Sex Age (yr) LI Broca Wernicke Left TLE L1 F 26 −0.357† +0.523 L2 F 46 +0.823 +0.507 L3 M 31 +0.149† +0.539 L4 M 28 +0.552 +0.442 L5 M 48 +0.404 +0.199† L6 F 37 +0.244 +0.374 L7 F 32 +0.140† +0.679 L8 F 25 +0.189† +0.572 L9 M 39 +0.829 −0.179† L10 M 20 +0.521 −0.074† L11 M 21 −0.780† +0.049† L12 F 41 +0.038† +0.567 L13 F 27 +0.500 +0.511 L14 F 25 +0.374 +0.774 L15 F 16 +0.986 +0.867 L16 M 59 +0.618 +0.967 L17 F 49 +0.179† +0.233 Right TLE R1 M 25 +0.001† +0.230 R2 F 29 +0.240 −0.106† R3 M 29 +0.059† +0.509 R4 M 45 +0.124† +0.158† R5 F 53 +0.157† +0.005† R6 M 22 +0.213 +0.375 R7 F 51 +0.298 +0.600 R8 M 36 +0.413 +0.857 R9 F 54 +0.802 +0.772 R10 M 32 +0.674 +0.842 R11 F 25 +0.777 +0.857 R12 M 22 −0.147† +0.065† R13 F 50 +0.433 +0.706 Note:—LI indicates laterality index; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy.
* LIs of patients with left and right TLE for the anterior (Broca) and the posterior (Wernicke) regions of interest using [semantic + syntactic] tasks.
† Atypical LIs (LI ≤ 0.20).
Healthy Subjects Sex Age (yr) LI Broca Wernicke S1 F 28 +0.196† +0.596 S2 F 24 +0.477 +0.465 S3 F 25 +0.327 +0.517 S4 M 26 +0.469 +0.876 S5 F 55 +0.008† +0.048† S6 M 24 +0.387 +0.949 S7 M 52 +0.104† +0.585 S8 F 48 +0.207 +0.824 S9 M 25 +0.053† +0.288 S10 F 25 +0.674 +0.689 S11 M 26 +0.984 +0.592 S12 M 46 +0.186† +0.716 S13 M 27 +0.661 +0.418 S14 F 28 +0.173† +0.033† S15 F 26 +0.500 +0.331 S16 F 26 +0.311 +0.306 S17 M 25 +0.362 +0.954 S18 M 35 +0.706 +0.989 S19 F 23 −0.614† +0.143† S20 M 29 +0.182† +0.663 S21 F 22 +0.366 +0.776 S22 M 34 +0.542 +0.290 S23 M 33 +0.333 −0.013† * LIs of healthy subjects for the anterior (Broca) and the posterior (Wernicke) regions of interest using [semantic + syntactic] tasks.
† Atypical LIs (LI ≤ 0.20).
Brodmann Area No. Voxels % Total Activation Whole brain 9672 100.00 Left brain 1694 17.51 Brodmann area 6 (L) 302 3.12 Brodmann area 7 (L) 273 2.82 Brodmann area 9 (L) 154 1.59 Brodmann area 21 (L) 116 1.20 Brodmann area 47 (L) 110 1.14 Brodmann area 19 (L) 101 1.04 Brodmann area 4 (L) 99 1.02 Brodmann area 22 (L) 96 0.99 Brodmann area 18 (L) 95 0.98 Brodmann area 38 (L) 70 0.72 Brodmann area 3 (L) 67 0.69 Brodmann area 46 (L) 54 0.56 Brodmann area 2 (L) 36 0.37 Brodmann area 40 (L) 28 0.29 Brodmann area 17 (L) 21 0.22 Brodmann area 44 (L) 18 0.19 Brodmann area 45 (L) 16 0.17 Brodmann area 39 (L) 16 0.17 Brodmann area 8 (L) 13 0.13 Brodmann area 13 (L) 5 0.05 Brodmann area 37 (L) 2 0.02 Corpus callosum (L) 1 0.01 Brodmann area 42 (L) 1 0.01 Right brain 735 7.60 Brodmann area 7 (R) 214 2.21 Brodmann area 21 (R) 163 1.69 Brodmann area 6 (R) 130 1.34 Brodmann area 19 (R) 59 0.61 Brodmann area 4 (R) 38 0.39 Brodmann area 40 (R) 29 0.30 Brodmann area 18 (R) 28 0.29 Brodmann area 3 (R) 25 0.26 Brodmann area 39 (R) 19 0.20 Brodmann area 17 (R) 19 0.20 Brodmann area 22 (R) 10 0.10 Corpus callosum (R) 1 0.01 Other locations 7243 74.89 Unidentified 7242 74.88 Corpus callosum (C) 1 0.01 Note:—L indicates left; R, right; C, central.
* Active Brodmann areas of the [semantic + syntactic] task in the whole brain with false discovery rate correction (P < .05) and cluster criterion of 5 voxels ordered by the number of active voxels in patients with TLE, showing the Brodmann areas with the highest number of active voxels on top (see “Materials and Methods” section for details of calculation).
Brodmann Area No. Voxels % Total Activation Whole brain 15051 100.0 Left brain 2719 18.07 Brodmann area 21 (L) 412 2.7 Brodmann area 22 (L) 358 2.38 Brodmann area 6 (L) 354 2.35 Brodmann area 7 (L) 261 1.73 Brodmann area 37 (L) 233 1.5 Brodmann area 18 (L) 169 1.12 Brodmann area 38 (L) 163 1.08 Brodmann area 19 (L) 149 0.99 Brodmann area 4 (L) 139 0.92 Brodmann area 3 (L) 90 0.60 Brodmann area 9 (L) 63 0.42 Brodmann area 13 (L) 61 0.4 Brodmann area 44 (L) 60 0.40 Brodmann area 47 (L) 51 0.34 Brodmann area 40 (L) 41 0.27 Brodmann area 20 (L) 37 0.25 Dentate (L) 18 0.12 Brodmann area 17 (L) 14 0.09 Brodmann area 42 (L) 13 0.09 Brodmann area 41 (L) 9 0.06 Brodmann area 43 (L) 7 0.05 Brodmann area 29 (L) 6 0.04 Brodmann area 36 (L) 4 0.03 Corpus callosum (L) 2 0.01 Brodmann area 2 (L) 2 0.01 Brodmann area 1 (L) 2 0.01 Brodmann area 45 (L) 1 0.01 Right brain 1462 9.71 Brodmann area 21 (R) 378 2.51 Brodmann area 6 (R) 262 1.74 Brodmann area 22 (R) 195 1.30 Brodmann area 38 (R) 187 1.24 Brodmann area 18 (R) 118 0.78 Brodmann area 7 (R) 105 0.70 Brodmann area 19 (R) 74 0.49 Brodmann area 17 (R) 58 0.39 Dentate (R) 33 0.22 Brodmann area 4 (R) 21 0.14 Brodmann area 47 (R) 10 0.07 Brodmann area 44 (R) 10 0.07 Corpus callosum (R) 3 0.02 Brodmann area 39 (R) 3 0.02 Brodmann area 3 (R) 2 0.01 Brodmann area 9 (R) 1 0.01 Brodmann area 37 (R) 1 0.01 Brodmann area 13 (R) 1 0.01 Other Locations 10870 72.22 Unidentified 10867 72.20 Corpus callosum (C) 3 0.02 * Active Brodmann areas of the [semantic + syntactic] task in the whole brain with false discovery rate correction (P < .05) and cluster criterion of 5 voxels ordered by the number of active voxels in healthy subjects, showing the Brodmann areas with the highest number of active voxels on top (see “Materials and Methods” section for details of calculation).
Brodmann Area No. voxels % Total Activation Temporofrontal ROI 219 100.00 Left brain 30 13.70 Brodmann area 47 (L) 16 7.31 Brodmann area 13 (L) 14 6.39 Right brain 0 0.00 Other locations 189 86.30 Unidentified 189 86.30 Note:—ROI indicates region of interest.
* Active Brodmann areas of the [semantic − syntactic] task in a temporofrontal ROI with false discovery rate correction (P < .05) and cluster criterion of 5 voxels ordered by the number of active voxels in patients with TLE, showing the Brodmann area with the highest number of active voxels on top (see “Materials and Methods” section for details of calculation).
Brodmann Area No. voxels % Total Activation Temporofrontal ROI 5528 100.0 Left brain 1217 22.02 Brodmann area 21 (L) 231 4.18 Brodmann area 47 (L) 230 4.16 Brodmann area 13 (L) 167 3.02 Brodmann area 22 (L) 138 2.50 Brodmann area 45 (L) 126 2.28 Brodmann area 38 (L) 100 1.81 Brodmann area 9 (L) 51 0.92 Brodmann area 44 (L) 49 0.89 Brodmann area 37 (L) 36 0.65 Brodmann area 19 (L) 20 0.36 Brodmann area 39 (L) 16 0.29 Brodmann area 29 (L) 13 0.24 Brodmann area 46 (L) 12 0.22 Brodmann area 20 (L) 10 0.18 Brodmann area 41 (L) 9 0.16 Brodmann area 40 (L) 6 0.11 Brodmann area 34 (L) 1 0.02 Brodmann area 18 (L) 1 0.02 Brodmann area 11 (L) 1 0.02 Right brain 367 6.64 Brodmann area 47 (R) 146 2.6 Brodmann area 21 (R) 58 1.05 Brodmann area 13 (R) 48 0.87 Brodmann area 45 (R) 44 0.80 Brodmann area 38 (R) 42 0.76 Brodmann area 46 (R) 14 0.25 Brodmann area 22 (R) 14 0.25 Brodmann area 41 (R) 1 0.02 Other locations 3944 71.35 Unidentified 3944 71.35 * Active Brodmann areas of the [semantic − syntactic] task in a temporofrontal ROI with false discovery rate correction (P < .05) and cluster criterion of 5 voxels ordered by the number of active voxels in healthy subjects, showing the Brodmann areas with the highest number of active voxels on top (see “Materials and Methods” section for details of calculation).
