Mystery of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: Identical Venographic and Ultrasound Findings in Patients with MS and Controls

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Compston A,
   2. Coles A

   . Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008;372:1502–17

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   1. Frohman EM,
   2. Racke MK,
   3. Raine CS

   . Multiple sclerosis: the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:942–55

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Dawson J

   . The histology of disseminated sclerosis. Trans R Soc Edinb 1916;108:397–99
4. 4.↵
   1. Fog T

   . On the vessel-plaque relationships in the brain in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1964;40(suppl 10):9–15

   PubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Tan IL,
   2. van Schijndel RA,
   3. Pouwels PJ,
   4. et al

   . MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1039–42

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   1. Qiu W,
   2. Raven S,
   3. Wu JS,
   4. et al

   . Wedge-shaped medullary lesions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2010;290:190–93

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Singh AV,
   2. Zamboni P

   . Anomalous venous blood flow and iron deposition in multiple sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009;29:1867–78

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. Zamboni P,
   2. Lanzara S,
   3. Mascoli F,
   4. et al

   . Inflammation in venous disease. Int Angiol 2008;27:361–69

   PubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Zamboni P,
   2. Galeotti R,
   3. Menegatti E,
   4. et al

   . Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:392–99

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Zamboni P,
    2. Menegatti E,
    3. Bartolomei I,
    4. et al

    . Intracranial venous haemodynamics in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurovasc Res 2007;4:252–58

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Menegatti E,
    2. Zamboni P

    . Doppler haemodynamics of cerebral venous return. Curr Neurovasc Res 2008;5:260–65

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. 12.↵
    1. Zamboni P,
    2. Galeotti R,
    3. Menegatti E,
    4. et al

    . A prospective open-label study of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2009;50:1348–58.e1–3

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    1. Polman CH,
    2. O'Connor PW,
    3. Havrdova E,
    4. et al

    . A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899–910

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. 14.↵
    1. Giovannoni G,
    2. Comi G,
    3. Cook S,
    4. et al

    . A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:416–26

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    1. Mayer CA,
    2. Pfeilschifter W,
    3. Lorenz MW,
    4. et al

    . The perfect crime? CCSVI not leaving a trace in MS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:436–40

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
16. 16.↵
    1. Doepp F,
    2. Paul F,
    3. Valdueza JM,
    4. et al

    . No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010;68:173–83

    PubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    1. Marder E,
    2. Gupta P,
    3. Greenberg BM,
    4. et al

    . No cerebral or cervical venous insufficiency in US veterans with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1521–25

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Tsivgoulis G,
    2. Mantatzis M,
    3. Bogiatzi C,
    4. et al

    . Extracranial venous hemodynamics in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 2011;77:1241–45

    CrossRef
19. 19.↵
    1. Baracchini C,
    2. Perini P,
    3. Causin F,
    4. et al

    . Progressive multiple sclerosis is not associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Neurology 2011;77:844–50

    CrossRef
20. 20.↵
    1. Wattjes MP,
    2. van Oosten BW,
    3. de Graaf WL,
    4. et al

    . No association of abnormal cranial venous drainage with multiple sclerosis: a magnetic resonance venography and flow-quantification study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:429–35

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    1. Doepp F,
    2. Wurfel JT,
    3. Pfueller CF,
    4. et al

    . Venous drainage in multiple sclerosis: A combined MRI and ultrasound study. Neurology 2011;77:1745–51

    CrossRef
22. 22.↵
    1. Baracchini C,
    2. Perini P,
    3. Calabrese M,
    4. et al

    . No evidence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency at multiple sclerosis onset. Ann Neurol 2011;69:909–19

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Radak D,
    2. Kolar J,
    3. Tanaskovic S,
    4. et al

    . Morphological and haemodynamic abnormalities in the jugular veins of patients with multiple sclerosis. Phlebology 2012;27:168–72

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    1. Simka M,
    2. Kostecki J,
    3. Zaniewski M,
    4. et al

    . Extracranial Doppler sonographic criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in the patients with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol 2010;29:109–14

    PubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    1. Al-Omari MH,
    2. Al-Bashir A

    . Internal jugular vein valve morphology in the patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI): angiographic findings and schematic demonstrations. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2012;7:83–87

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. Menegatti E,
    2. Genova V,
    3. Tessari M,
    4. et al

    . The reproducibility of colour Doppler in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency associated with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol 2010;29:121–26

    PubMed
27. 27.↵
    1. Simka M,
    2. Ludyga T,
    3. Latacz P,
    4. et al

    . Diagnostic accuracy of current sonographic criteria for the detection of outflow abnormalities in the internal jugular veins. Phlebology 2012 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of print]
28. 28.↵
    1. Zamboni P,
    2. Galeotti R,
    3. Weinstock-Guttman B,
    4. et al

    . Venous angioplasty in patients with multiple sclerosis: results of a pilot study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;43:116–22

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Petrov I,
    2. Grozdinski L,
    3. Kaninski G,
    4. et al

    . Safety profile of endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Vasc Surg 2011;18:314–23
30. 30.↵
    1. Al-Omari MH,
    2. Rousan LA

    . Internal jugular vein morphology and hemodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol 2010;29:115–20

    PubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    1. Centonze D,
    2. Floris R,
    3. Stefanini M,
    4. et al

    . Proposed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency criteria do not predict multiple sclerosis risk or severity. Ann Neurol 2011;70:51–58

    PubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Zivadinov R,
    2. Galeotti R,
    3. Hojnacki D,
    4. et al

    . Value of MR venography for detection of internal jugular vein anomalies in multiple sclerosis: a pilot longitudinal study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:938–46

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
33. 33.↵
    1. Garaci FG,
    2. Marziali S,
    3. Meschini A,
    4. et al

    . Brain hemodynamic changes associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency are not specific to multiple sclerosis and do not increase its severity. Radiology 2012;265:233–39

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    1. Nedelmann M,
    2. Eicke BM,
    3. Dieterich M

    . Functional and morphological criteria of internal jugular valve insufficiency as assessed by ultrasound. J Neuroimaging 2005;15:70–75

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    1. Nicolaides AN

    . Investigation of chronic venous insufficiency: a consensus statement (France, March 5–9, 1997). Circulation 2000;102:E126–63

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
36. 36.↵
    1. Lichtenstein D,
    2. Saifi R,
    3. Augarde R,
    4. et al

    . The internal jugular veins are asymmetric: usefulness of ultrasound before catheterization. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:301–05

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 37.↵
    1. Baracchini C,
    2. Valdueza JM,
    3. Del Sette M,
    4. et al

    . CCSVI and MS: a statement from the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. J Neurol 2012;259:2585–89

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. 38.↵
    1. Mayer CA,
    2. Ziemann U

    . CCSVI: is blinding the key? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;43:124–25

    CrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    1. Nicolaides AN,
    2. Morovic S,
    3. Menegatti E,
    4. et al

    . Screening for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) using ultrasound: recommendations for a protocol. Funct Neurol 2011;26:229–48

    PubMed
40. 40.↵
    1. Simka M,
    2. Latacz P,
    3. Ludyga T,
    4. et al

    . Prevalence of extracranial venous abnormalities: results from a sample of 586 multiple sclerosis patients. Funct Neurol 2011;26:197–203

    PubMed
41. 41.↵
    1. Werner JD,
    2. Siskin GP,
    3. Mandato K,
    4. et al

    . Review of venous anatomy for venographic interpretation in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;22:1681–90, quiz 1691

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    1. Taal MW,
    2. Chesterton LJ,
    3. McIntyre CW

    . Venography at insertion of tunnelled internal jugular vein dialysis catheters reveals significant occult stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1542–45

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
43. 43.↵
    1. Steinke K,
    2. Moghaddam A

    . Azygos arch valves at computed tomography angiography and pitfalls related to its variety in appearance and function. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009;33:721–24

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    1. Ranniger K

    . Retrograde azygography. Radiology 1968;90:1097–104

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
45. 45.↵
    1. Ludyga T,
    2. Kazibudzki M,
    3. Simka M,
    4. et al

    . Endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: is the procedure safe? Phlebology 2010;25:286–95

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
46. 46.↵
    1. Khan O,
    2. Filippi M,
    3. Freedman MS,
    4. et al

    . Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010;67:286–90

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science