Discordant Observation of Brain Injury by MRI and Malignant Electroencephalography Patterns in Comatose Survivors of Cardiac Arrest following Therapeutic Hypothermia

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Bouwes A,
   3. Binnekade JM,
   4. Verbaan BW, et al

   . Predictive value of neurological examination for early cortical responses to somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with postanoxic coma. J Neurol 2012;259;537–41 doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6224-5 pmid:21887511

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   2. Coppler PJ,
   3. Elmer J,
   4. Calderon L, et al

   ; Post Cardiac Arrest Service. Validation of the Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category illness severity score. Resuscitation 2015;89:86–92 doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.01.020 pmid:25636896

   CrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   2. Levy DE,
   3. Caronna JJ,
   4. Singer BH, et al

   . Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. JAMA 1985;253:1420–26 pmid:3968772

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. 4.↵
   2. Taccone F,
   3. Cronberg T,
   4. Friberg H, et al

   . How to assess prognosis after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care 2014;18:202 doi:10.1186/cc13696 pmid:24417885

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   2. Young GB

   . Clinical practice: neurologic prognosis after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2009;361:605–11 doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0903466 pmid:19657124

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   2. Wijman CA,
   3. Mlynash M,
   4. Caulfield AF, et al

   . Prognostic value of brain diffusion-weighted imaging after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 2009;65:394–402 doi:10.1002/ana.21632 pmid:19399889

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   2. Choi SP,
   3. Park KN,
   4. Park HK, et al

   . Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for predicting the clinical outcome of comatose survivors after cardiac arrest: a cohort study. Crit Care 2010;14:R17 doi:10.1186/cc8874 pmid:20152021

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   2. Rittenberger JC,
   3. Guyette FX,
   4. Tisherman SA, et al

   . Outcomes of a hospital-wide plan to improve care of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2008;79:198–204 doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.08.014 pmid:18951113

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Reynolds JC,
   3. Callaway CW,
   4. El Khoudary SR, et al

   . Coronary angiography predicts improved outcome following cardiac arrest: propensity-adjusted analysis. J Intensive Care Med 2009;24:179–86 doi:10.1177/0885066609332725 pmid:19321536

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    2. Rittenberger JC,
    3. Popescu A,
    4. Brenner RP, et al

    . Frequency and timing of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose post-cardiac arrest subjects treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 2012;16:114–22 doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9565-0 pmid:21638118

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    2. Rittenberger JC,
    3. Tisherman SA,
    4. Holm MB, et al

    . An early, novel illness severity score to predict outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2011;82:1399–404 doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.024 pmid:21756969

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Chong DJ,
    3. Hirsch LJ

    . Which EEG patterns warrant treatment in the critically ill? Reviewing the evidence for treatment of periodic epileptiform discharges and related patterns. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005;22:79–91 doi:10.1097/01.WNP.0000158699.78529.AF pmid:15805807

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    2. Hirsch LJ,
    3. LaRoche SM,
    4. Gaspard N, et al

    . American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2012 version. J Clin Neurophysiol 2013;30:1–27 doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182784729 pmid:23377439

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Westhall E,
    3. Rosén I,
    4. Rossetti AO, et al

    . Interrater variability of EEG interpretation in comatose cardiac arrest patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2015;126:2397–404 doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.017 pmid:25934481

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    2. Brophy GM,
    3. Bell R,
    4. Claassen J, et al

    ; Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:3–23 doi:10.1007/s12028-012-9695-z pmid:22528274

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    2. Amorim E,
    3. Rittenberger JC,
    4. Baldwin ME, et al

    ; Post Cardiac Arrest Service. Malignant EEG patterns in cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management who survive to hospital discharge. Resuscitation 2015;90:127–32 doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.03.005 pmid:25779006

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. Arbelaez A,
    3. Castillo M,
    4. Mukherji SK

    . Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of global cerebral anoxia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:999–1007 pmid:10445435

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    2. Wijdicks EF,
    3. Campeau NG,
    4. Miller GM

    . MR imaging in comatose survivors of cardiac resuscitation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1561–65 pmid:11559506

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    2. Singhal AB,
    3. Topcuoglu MA,
    4. Koroshetz WJ

    . Diffusion MRI in three types of anoxic encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 2002;196:37–40 pmid:11959154

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    2. Knight WA,
    3. Hart KW,
    4. Adeoye OM, et al

    . The incidence of seizures in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Epilepsy Res 2013;106:396–402 doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.06.018 pmid:23906560

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Sadaka F,
    3. Doerr D,
    4. Hindia J, et al

    . Continuous electroencephalogram in comatose postcardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia: outcome prediction study. J Intensive Care Med 2015;30:292–96 doi:10.1177/0885066613517214 pmid:24399172

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial I Study Group. Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1986;314:397–403 doi:10.1056/NEJM198602133140701 pmid:2868412

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    2. Cobb W,
    3. Hill D

    . Electroencephalogram in subacute progressive encephalitis. Brain 1950;73:392–404 doi:10.1093/brain/73.3.392 pmid:14812053

    FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    2. Avoli M,
    3. Kostopoulos G

    . Participation of corticothalamic cells in penicillin-induced generalized spike and wave discharges. Brain Res 1982;247:159–63 doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)91042-3 pmid:7127114

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Gioanni Y,
    3. Gioanni H,
    4. Mitrovic N

    . Seizures can be triggered by stimulating non-cortical structures in the quaking mutant mouse. Epilepsy Res 1991;9:19–31 pmid:1884716

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    2. Gloor P

    . Generalized epilepsy with bilateral synchronous spike and wave discharge: new findings concerning its physiological mechanisms. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1978;(34):245–49 pmid:108073

    PubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Vercueil L,
    3. Hirsch E

    . Seizures and the basal ganglia: a review of the clinical data. Epileptic Disord 2002;4(suppl 3):S47–54 pmid:12495874

    PubMedWeb of Science
28. 28.↵
    2. Badawy RA,
    3. Lai A,
    4. Vogrin SJ, et al

    . Subcortical epilepsy? Neurology 2013;80:1901–07 pmid:23671345

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
29. 29.↵
    2. Gloor P,
    3. Kalabay O,
    4. Giard N

    . The electroencephalogram in diffuse encephalopathies: electroencephalographic correlates of grey and white matter lesions. Brain 1968;91:779–802 doi:10.1093/brain/91.4.779

    FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Yemisci M,
    3. Gurer G,
    4. Saygi S, et al

    . Generalised periodic epileptiform discharges: clinical features, neuroradiological evaluation and prognosis in 37 adult patients. Seizure 2003;12:465–72 doi:10.1016/S1059-1311(02)00351-5 pmid:12967574

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    2. Janati A,
    3. Chesser MZ,
    4. Husain MM

    . Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs): a possible role for metabolic factors in pathogenesis. Clin Electroencephalogr 1986;17:36–43 pmid:3955852

    PubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Greer D,
    3. Scripko P,
    4. Bartscher J, et al

    . Clinical MRI interpretation for outcome prediction in cardiac arrest. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:240–44 doi:10.1007/s12028-012-9716-y pmid:22565633

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Nielsen N,
    3. Wetterslev J,
    4. Cronberg T, et al

    ; TTM Trial Investigators. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2197–206 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1310519 pmid:24237006

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    2. Foreman B,
    3. Claassen J,
    4. Abou Khaled K, et al

    . Generalized periodic discharges in the critically ill: a case-control study of 200 patients. Neurology 2012;79:1951–60 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182735cd7 pmid:23035068

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
35. 35.↵
    2. Greer DM,
    3. Scripko PD,
    4. Wu O, et al

    . Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in cardiac arrest are associated with poor outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;22:899–905 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.08.006 pmid:22995378

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Drabek T,
    3. Foley LM,
    4. Janata A, et al

    . Global and regional differences in cerebral blood flow after asphyxial versus ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in rats using ASL-MRI. Resuscitation 2014;85:964–71 doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.03.314 pmid:24727136

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    2. Walha K,
    3. Ricolfi F,
    4. Béjot Y, et al

    . Hippocampus: a “forgotten” border zone of brain ischemia. J Neuroimaging 2013;23:98–101 doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2011.00610.x pmid:21699606

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    2. Brenner RP,
    3. Schaul N

    . Periodic EEG patterns: classification, clinical correlation, and pathophysiology. J Clin Neurophysiol 1990;7:249–67 doi:10.1097/00004691-199004000-00007 pmid:2187023

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. 39.↵
    2. Moretti DV,
    3. Paternicò D,
    4. Binetti G, et al

    . Analysis of grey matter in thalamus and basal ganglia based on EEG α3/α2 frequency ratio reveals specific changes in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. ASN Neuro 2012;4:e00103 doi:10.1042/AN20120058 pmid:23126239

    CrossRefPubMed
40. 40.↵
    2. Callaway CW,
    3. Donnino MW,
    4. Fink EL, et al

    . Part 8: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care—2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015;132:S465–82 doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000262 pmid:26472996

    FREE Full Text
41. 41.↵
    2. Peberdy MA,
    3. Callaway CW,
    4. Neumar RW, et al

    ; American Heart Association. Part 9: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care—2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010;122:S768–86 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971002 pmid:20956225

    FREE Full Text
42. 42.↵
    2. Raina KD,
    3. Rittenberger JC,
    4. Holm MB, et al

    . Functional outcomes: one year after a cardiac arrest. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:283608 doi:10.1155/2015/283608 pmid:26421282

    CrossRefPubMed