Intervention versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for Cognition in Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis

References

1. 1.↵
   Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421–28 doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520420037035 pmid:7723155

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   2. Halliday A,
   3. Mansfield A,
   4. Marro J, et al

   ; MRC Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:1491–502 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16146-1 pmid:15135594

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   2. Marquardt L,
   3. Geraghty OC,
   4. Mehta Z, et al

   . Low risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis on best medical treatment: a prospective, population-based study. Stroke 2010;41:e11–17 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.561837 pmid:19926843

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   2. den Hartog AG,
   3. Achterberg S,
   4. Moll FL, et al

   ; SMART Study Group. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk of ischemic stroke according to subtype in patients with clinical manifest arterial disease. Stroke 2013;44:1002–07 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.669267 pmid:23404720

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   2. Markus HS,
   3. King A,
   4. Shipley M, et al

   . Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:663–71 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70120-4 pmid:20554250

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   2. Nicolaides AN,
   3. Kakkos SK,
   4. Kyriacou E, et al

   . Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular risk stratification. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:1486–1496.e1–5 doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.07.021 pmid:21146746

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   2. Gupta A,
   3. Chazen JL,
   4. Hartman M, et al

   . Cerebrovascular reserve and stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2012;43:2884–91 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.663716 pmid:23091119

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   2. Rosenfield K,
   3. Matsumura JS,
   4. Chaturvedi S, et al

   . Randomized trial of stent versus surgery for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1011–20 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1515706 pmid:26886419

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Brott TG,
   3. Howard G,
   4. Roubin GS, et al

   ; CREST Investigators. Long-term results of stenting versus endarterectomy for carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1021–31 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1505215 pmid:26890472

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Johnston SC,
    3. O'Meara ES,
    4. Manolio TA, et al

    . Cognitive impairment and decline are associated with carotid artery disease in patients without clinically evident cerebrovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:237–47 doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-4-200402170-00005 pmid:14970146

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    2. Popovic IM,
    3. Lovrencic-Huzjan A,
    4. Simundic AM, et al

    . Cognitive performance in asymptomatic patients with advanced carotid disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 2011;24:145–51 doi:10.1097/WNN.0b013e3182313020 pmid:21945986

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Cheng HL,
    3. Lin CJ,
    4. Soong BW, et al

    . Impairments in cognitive function and brain connectivity in severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 2012;43:2567–73 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.645614 pmid:22935402

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    2. Lin CJ,
    3. Tu PC,
    4. Chern CM, et al

    . Connectivity features for identifying cognitive impairment in presymptomatic carotid stenosis. PLoS One 2014;9:e85441 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085441 pmid:24454868

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Silvestrini M,
    3. Paolino I,
    4. Vernieri F, et al

    . Cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive performance in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Neurology 2009;72:1062–68 doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000345015.35520.52 pmid:19307539

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    2. Ortega G,
    3. Alvarez B,
    4. Quintana M, et al

    . Asymptomatic carotid stenosis and cognitive improvement using transcervical stenting with protective flow reversal technique. Eur J Vasc Endovas Surg 2014;47:585–92 doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.02.022 pmid:24726144

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Grunwald IQ,
    3. Papanagiotou P,
    4. Reith W, et al

    . Influence of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function. Neuroradiology 2010;52:61–66 doi:10.1007/s00234-009-0618-4 pmid:20033798

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    2. Chen YH,
    3. Lin MS,
    4. Lee JK, et al

    . Carotid stenting improves cognitive function in asymptomatic cerebral ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2012;157:104–07 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.086 pmid:22088226

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    2. Antonopoulos CN,
    3. Kakisis JD,
    4. Sfyroeras GS, et al

    . The impact of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function in patients with extracranial carotid artery stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg 2015;29:457–69 doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2014.10.024 pmid:25591487

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. Yoon BA,
    3. Sohn SW,
    4. Cheon SM, et al

    . Effect of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function in patients with carotid artery stenosis: a prospective, 3-month-follow-up study. J Clin Neurol 2015;11:149–56 doi:10.3988/jcn.2015.11.2.149 pmid:25851893

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    2. Mendiz OA,
    3. Sposato LA,
    4. Fabbro N, et al

    . Improvement in executive function after unilateral carotid artery stenting for severe asymptomatic stenosis. J Neurosurg 2012;116:179–84 doi:10.3171/2011.9.JNS11532 pmid:21962162

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    2. Grant EG,
    3. Benson CB,
    4. Moneta GL, et al

    . Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis—Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology 2003;229:340–46 doi:10.1148/radiol.2292030516 pmid:14500855

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 22.↵
    North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445–53 doi:10.1056/NEJM199108153250701 pmid:1852179

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    2. Jacobson GP,
    3. Newman CW

    . The development of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:424–27 doi:10.1001/archotol.1990.01870040046011 pmid:2317323

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. 24.↵
    2. Hannay HJ,
    3. Levin HS

    . Selective reminding test: an examination of the equivalence of four forms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1985;7:251–63 doi:10.1080/01688638508401258 pmid:3998090

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Tombaugh TN

    . Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2004;19:203–14 doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8 pmid:15010086

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    2. Jensen AR,
    3. Rohwer WD Jr.

    . The Stroop color-word test: a review. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1966;25:36–93 doi:10.1016/0001-6918(66)90004-7 pmid:5328883

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    2. Erber JT,
    3. Botwinick J,
    4. Storandt M

    . The impact of memory on age differences in digit symbol performance. J Gerontol 1981;36:586–90 doi:10.1093/geronj/36.5.586 pmid:7264243

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    2. Scheltens P,
    3. Barkhof F,
    4. Leys D, et al

    . A semiquantative rating scale for the assessment of signal hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci 1993;114:7–12 doi:10.1016/0022-510X(93)90041-V pmid:8433101

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    2. Lehéricy S,
    3. Baulac M,
    4. Chiras J, et al

    . Amygdalohippocampal MR volume measurements in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:929–37 pmid:8059663

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Wang PN,
    3. Lirng JF,
    4. Lin KN, et al

    . Prediction of Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment: a prospective study in Taiwan. Neurobiol Aging 2006;27:1797–806 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.002 pmid:16321457

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    2. Ashburner J,
    3. Friston KJ

    . Voxel-based morphometry: the methods. Neuroimage 2000;11:805–21 doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 pmid:10860804

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    2. Larrabee GJ,
    3. Trahan DE,
    4. Levin HS

    . Normative data for a six-trial administration of the Verbal Selective Reminding Test. Clin Neuropsychol 2000;14:110–18 doi:10.1076/1385-4046(200002)14:1%3B1-8%3BFT110 pmid:10855064

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    2. Sato Y,
    3. Ito K,
    4. Ogasawara K, et al

    . Postoperative increase in cerebral white matter fractional anisotropy on diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging is associated with cognitive improvement after uncomplicated carotid endarterectomy: tract-based spatial statistics analysis. Neurosurgery 2013;73:592–98; discussion 598–99 doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000013 pmid:23756737

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    2. Zhou W,
    3. Hitchner E,
    4. Gillis K, et al

    . Prospective neurocognitive evaluation of patients undergoing carotid interventions. J Vasc Surg 2012;56:1571–78 doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.05.092 pmid:22889720

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    2. Kahilogullari G,
    3. Comert A,
    4. Ozdemir M, et al

    . Arterial vascularization patterns of the splenium: an anatomical study. Clin Anat 2013;26:675–81 doi:10.1002/ca.22114 pmid:23564403

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Vann SD,
    3. Aggleton JP,
    4. Maguire EA

    . What does the retrosplenial cortex do? Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:792–802 doi:10.1038/nrn2733 pmid:19812579

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 37.↵
    2. Wang L,
    3. Laviolette P,
    4. O'Keefe K, et al

    . Intrinsic connectivity between the hippocampus and posteromedial cortex predicts memory performance in cognitively intact older individuals. Neuroimage 2010;51:910–17 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.046 pmid:20188183

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. 38.↵
    2. Kim JH,
    3. Park KY,
    4. Seo SW, et al

    . Reversible verbal and visual memory deficits after left retrosplenial infarction. J Clin Neurol 2007;3:62–66 doi:10.3988/jcn.2007.3.1.62 pmid:19513346

    CrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    2. Jeong SH,
    3. Lee JH,
    4. Lee AY

    . Reversible visual memory in transient splenial lesion. Neurology 2009;73:647 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b38a16 pmid:19704087

    FREE Full Text
40. 40.↵
    2. Schaaf M,
    3. Mommertz G,
    4. Ludolph A, et al

    . Functional MR imaging in patients with carotid artery stenosis before and after revascularization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:1791–98 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2219 pmid:20801766

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
41. 41.↵
    2. Saito H,
    3. Ogasawara K,
    4. Nishimoto H, et al

    . Postoperative changes in cerebral metabolites associated with cognitive improvement and impairment after carotid endarterectomy: a 3T proton MR spectroscopy study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:976–82 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3344 pmid:23124640

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
42. 42.↵
    2. Kim GE,
    3. Lee JH,
    4. Cho YP

    . Can carotid endarterectomy improve metabolic status in patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery flow lesion? Studies with localized in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:559–64 doi:10.1067/mva.2002.126555 pmid:12218960

    CrossRefPubMed