Vascular Dysfunction in Leukoaraiosis

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Simpson JE,
   3. Fernando MS,
   4. Clark L, et al

   ; MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Neuropathology Study Group. White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: astrocytic, microglial and oligodendrocyte precursor cell responses. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007;33:410–19 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00828.x pmid:17442062

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   2. Hachinski VC,
   3. Potter P,
   4. Merskey H

   . Leuko-araiosis: an ancient term for a new problem. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13(4 suppl):533–34 pmid:3791068

   PubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   2. de Leeuw FE,
   3. de Groot JC,
   4. Achten E, et al

   . Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: a population based magnetic resonance imaging study—the Rotterdam Scan Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:9–14 doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.1.9 pmid:11118240

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   2. Launer LJ,
   3. Berger K,
   4. Breteler MM, et al

   . Regional variability in the prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions: an MRI study in 9 European countries (CASCADE). Neuroepidemiology 2006;26:23–29 pmid:16254450

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   2. Verdelho A,
   3. Madureira S,
   4. Moleiro C, et al

   ; LADIS Study. White matter changes and diabetes predict cognitive decline in the elderly: the LADIS study. Neurology 2010;75:160–67 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e7ca05 pmid:20625169

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   2. Whitman GT,
   3. Tang Y,
   4. Lin A, et al

   . A prospective study of cerebral white matter abnormalities in older people with gait dysfunction. Neurology 2001;57:990–94 doi:10.1212/WNL.57.6.990 pmid:11571322

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   2. Ogama N,
   3. Sakurai T,
   4. Shimizu A, et al

   . Regional white matter lesions predict falls in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15:36–41 doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.004 pmid:24359699

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   2. Malmstrom TK,
   3. Morley JE

   . The frail brain. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14:453–55 doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.04.010 pmid:23731600

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Moody DM,
   3. Santamore WP,
   4. Bell MA

   . Does tortuosity in cerebral arterioles impair down-autoregulation in hypertensives and elderly normotensives? A hypothesis and computer model. Clin Neurosurg 1991;37:372–87 pmid:2009699

   PubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Farkas E,
    3. de Vos RA,
    4. Donka G, et al

    . Age-related microvascular degeneration in the human cerebral periventricular white matter. Acta Neuropathol 2006;111:150–57 doi:10.1007/s00401-005-0007-y pmid:16453142

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    2. Moody DM,
    3. Brown WR,
    4. Challa VR, et al

    . Periventricular venous collagenosis: association with leukoaraiosis. Radiology 1995;194:469–76 doi:10.1148/radiology.194.2.7824728 pmid:7824728

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. 12.↵
    2. Moody DM,
    3. Brown WR,
    4. Challa VR, et al

    . Cerebral microvascular alterations in aging, leukoaraiosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;826:103–16 doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48464.x pmid:9329684

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    2. Henry-Feugeas MC

    . Alzheimer's disease in late-life dementia: a minor toxic consequence of devastating cerebrovascular dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 2008;70:866–75 doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.07.027 pmid:17825499

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Mandell DM,
    3. Han JS,
    4. Poublanc J, et al

    . Selective reduction of blood flow to white matter during hypercapnia corresponds with leukoaraiosis. Stroke 2008;39:1993–98 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.501692 pmid:18451357

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    2. Sachdev P,
    3. Wen W,
    4. Chen X, et al

    . Progression of white matter hyperintensities in elderly individuals over 3 years. Neurology 2007;68:214–22 doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000251302.55202.73 pmid:17224576

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
16. 16.↵
    2. Fierstra J,
    3. Poublanc J,
    4. Han JS, et al

    . Steal physiology is spatially associated with cortical thinning. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:290–93 doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.188078 pmid:20185465

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
17. 17.↵
    2. Markus H,
    3. Cullinane M

    . Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain 2001;124(pt 3):457–67 doi:10.1093/brain/124.3.457 pmid:11222446

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    2. Balucani C,
    3. Viticchi G,
    4. Falsetti L, et al

    . Cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive performance in bilateral asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Neurology 2012;79:1788–95 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318270402e pmid:23054236

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    2. Conklin J,
    3. Fierstra J,
    4. Crawley AP, et al

    . Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity with steal phenomenon is associated with increased diffusion in white matter of patients with Moyamoya disease. Stroke 2010;41:1610–16 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.579540 pmid:20576954

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
20. 20.↵
    2. Helenius J,
    3. Soinne L,
    4. Salonen O, et al

    . Leukoaraiosis, ischemic stroke, and normal white matter on diffusion-weighted MRI. Stroke 2002;33:45–50 doi:10.1161/hs0102.101228 pmid:11779887

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    2. Conklin J,
    3. Fierstra J,
    4. Crawley AP, et al

    . Mapping white matter diffusion and cerebrovascular reactivity in carotid occlusive disease. Neurology 2011;77:431–38 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318227b1e7 pmid:21775744

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    2. Uh J,
    3. Yezhuvath U,
    4. Cheng Y, et al

    . In vivo vascular hallmarks of diffuse leukoaraiosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010;32:184–90 doi:10.1002/jmri.22209 pmid:20578025

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Fazekas F,
    3. Kleinert R,
    4. Offenbacher H, et al

    . Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology 1993;43:1683–89 doi:10.1212/WNL.43.9.1683 pmid:8414012

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    2. Nasreddine ZS,
    3. Phillips NA,
    4. Bédirian V, et al

    . The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:695–99 doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x pmid:15817019

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Han JS,
    3. Mikulis DJ,
    4. Mardimae A, et al

    . Measurement of cerebrovascular reactivity in pediatric patients with cerebral vasculopathy using blood oxygen level-dependent MRI. Stroke 2011;42:1261–69 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.603225 pmid:21493907

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    2. Slessarev M,
    3. Han J,
    4. Mardimae A, et al

    . Prospective targeting and control of end-tidal CO2 and O2 concentrations. J Physiol 2007;581(pt 3):1207–19 doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.129395 pmid:17446225

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    2. Vesely A,
    3. Sasano H,
    4. Volgyesi G, et al

    . MRI mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity using square wave changes in end-tidal PCO2. Magn Reson Med 2001;45:1011–13 doi:10.1002/mrm.1134 pmid:11378878

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. 28.↵
    2. Cox RW

    . AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput Biomed Res 1996;29:162–73 doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 pmid:8812068

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    2. Poublanc J,
    3. Crawley AP,
    4. Sobczyk O, et al

    . Measuring cerebrovascular reactivity: the dynamic response to a step hypercapnic stimulus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015;35:1746–56 doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2015.114 pmid:26126862

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Miller AJ,
    3. Joseph PM

    . The use of power images to perform quantitative analysis on low SNR MR images. Magn Reson Imaging 1993;11:1051–56 doi:10.1016/0730-725X(93)90225-3 pmid:8231670

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    2. Smith SM,
    3. Jenkinson M,
    4. Woolrich MW, et al

    . Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage 2004;23(suppl 1):S208–19 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051 pmid:15501092

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    2. Jenkinson M,
    3. Bannister P,
    4. Brady M, et al

    . Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage 2002;17:825–41 doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1132 pmid:12377157

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    2. Smith SM

    . Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp 2002;17:143–55 doi:10.1002/hbm.10062 pmid:12391568

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    2. Kosior JC,
    3. Frayne R

    . PerfTool: a software platform for investigating bolus-tracking perfusion imaging quantification strategies. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007;25:653–59 doi:10.1002/jmri.20843 pmid:17326077

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    2. Smith MR,
    3. Lu H,
    4. Trochet S, et al

    . Removing the effect of SVD algorithmic artifacts present in quantitative MR perfusion studies. Magn Reson Med 2004;51:631–34 doi:10.1002/mrm.20006 pmid:15004809

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Ramirez J,
    3. Scott CJ,
    4. McNeely AA, et al

    . Lesion Explorer: a video-guided, standardized protocol for accurate and reliable MRI-derived volumetrics in Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. J Vis Exp 2014;(86) doi: 10.3791/50887 doi:10.3791/50887 pmid:24797507

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    2. Ramirez J,
    3. Gibson E,
    4. Quddus A, et al

    . Lesion Explorer: a comprehensive segmentation and parcellation package to obtain regional volumetrics for subcortical hyperintensities and intracranial tissue. Neuroimage 2011;54:963–73 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.013 pmid:20849961

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    2. Bastin ME,
    3. Clayden JD,
    4. Pattie A, et al

    . Diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer MRI measurements of periventricular white matter hyperintensities in old age. Neurobiol Aging 2009;30:125–36 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.013 pmid:17624630

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. 39.↵
    2. Maniega SM,
    3. Valdés Hernández MC,
    4. Clayden JD, et al

    . White matter hyperintensities and normal-appearing white matter integrity in the aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 2015;36:909–18 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.048 pmid:25457555

    CrossRefPubMed
40. 40.↵
    2. Feldman HM,
    3. Yeatman JD,
    4. Lee ES, et al

    . Diffusion tensor imaging: a review for pediatric researchers and clinicians. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2010;31:346–56 doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181dcaa8b pmid:20453582

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
41. 41.↵
    2. Haller S,
    3. Kövari E,
    4. Herrmann FR, et al

    . Do brain T2/FLAIR white matter hyperintensities correspond to myelin loss in normal aging? A radiologic-neuropathologic correlation study. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013;1:14 doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-14 pmid:24252608

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    2. Lin CY,
    3. Chang C,
    4. Cheung WM, et al

    . Dynamic changes in vascular permeability, cerebral blood volume, vascular density, and size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: evaluation with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008;28:1491–501 doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.42 pmid:18478021

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
43. 43.↵
    2. Sobczyk O,
    3. Battisti-Charbonney A,
    4. Fierstra J, et al

    . A conceptual model for CO₂-induced redistribution of cerebral blood flow with experimental confirmation using BOLD MRI. Neuroimage 2014;92:56–68 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.051 pmid:24508647

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    2. Hassan A,
    3. Hunt BJ,
    4. O'Sullivan M, et al

    . Markers of endothelial dysfunction in lacunar infarction and ischaemic leukoaraiosis. Brain 2003;126(pt 2):424–32 doi:10.1093/brain/awg040 pmid:12538408

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
45. 45.↵
    2. Brickman AM,
    3. Zahra A,
    4. Muraskin J, et al

    . Reduction in cerebral blood flow in areas appearing as white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Res 2009;172:117–20 doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.11.006 pmid:19324534

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
46. 46.↵
    2. Marstrand JR,
    3. Garde E,
    4. Rostrup E, et al

    . Cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity are reduced in white matter hyperintensities. Stroke 2002;33:972–76 doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000012808.81667.4B pmid:11935046

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
47. 47.↵
    2. O'Sullivan M,
    3. Lythgoe DJ,
    4. Pereira AC, et al

    . Patterns of cerebral blood flow reduction in patients with ischemic leukoaraiosis. Neurology 2002;59:321–26 doi:10.1212/WNL.59.3.321 pmid:12177363

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
48. 48.↵
    2. Holland CM,
    3. Smith EE,
    4. Csapo I, et al

    . Spatial distribution of white-matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and healthy aging. Stroke 2008;39:1127–33 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.497438 pmid:18292383

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
49. 49.↵
    2. Campbell BC,
    3. Christensen S,
    4. Levi CR, et al

    . Cerebral blood flow is the optimal CT perfusion parameter for assessing infarct core. Stroke 2011;42:3435–40 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.618355 pmid:21980202

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
50. 50.↵
    2. Leoni RF,
    3. Mazzetto-Betti KC,
    4. Silva AC, et al

    . Assessing cerebrovascular reactivity in carotid steno-occlusive disease using MRI BOLD and ASL techniques. Radiol Res Pract 2012;2012:268483 doi:10.1155/2012/268483 pmid:22919485

    CrossRefPubMed
51. 51.↵
    2. Ogawa S,
    3. Lee TM,
    4. Barrere B

    . The sensitivity of magnetic resonance image signals of a rat brain to changes in the cerebral venous blood oxygenation. Magn Reson Med 1993;29:205–10 doi:10.1002/mrm.1910290208 pmid:8429784

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
52. 52.↵
    2. Mandell DM,
    3. Han JS,
    4. Poublanc J, et al

    . Mapping cerebrovascular reactivity using blood oxygen level-dependent MRI in patients with arterial steno-occlusive disease: comparison with arterial spin labeling MRI. Stroke 2008;39:2021–28 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.506709 pmid:18451352

    Abstract/FREE Full Text