Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Flowchart of patient inclusion.
- FIG 2.
The proposed coarse-to-fine DL architecture. A 2-stage coarse-to-fine thrombus segmentation neural network used a multiscale training strategy with a deep-supervision mechanism, which consisted of the channel and spatial attention blocks and the scale-aware pyramid fusion module.
- FIG 3.
Two segmentation examples obtained by the proposed model. The images are shown as NCCT/CTA overlaid with the manually or algorithm-segmented thrombi in red.
Tables
- Table 1:
Patient characteristics in the derivation data and in the internal and external test dataa
Characteristic Derivation Set (n = 329) Internal Test Set (n = 170) External Test Set (n = 83) Age (yr)b 69 (59–78) 68 (59–79) 71 (63–79) Male 173 (52.6) 89 (52.4) 43 (51.8) Race White 261 (79.3) 142 (83.5) NA Asian 26 (7.9) 10 (5.9) African American 35 (10.6) 14 (8.2) Other 7 (2.1) 4 (2.4) Onset-to-CT timeb 160 (82–268) 154 (79–284) 120 (89–184) Baseline NIHSS score b 17 (12–21) 16 (13–20) 9 (5–15) ASPECTSb 8 (7–9) 8 (7–9) 10 (8–10) Hypertension 222 (67.5) 127 (74.7) 49 (59.0) Hyperlipidemia 140 (42.6) 79 (46.5) NA Diabetes 70 (21.3) 36 (21.2) 9 (10.8) IV alteplase 193 (58.7) 99 (58.2) 66 (79.5) IV nerinetide 155 (47.1) 87 (51.2) 0 Occlusion site ICA 71 (21.6) 39 (23.0) 8 (9.6) M1, MCA 248 (75.4) 125 (73.5) 26 (31.3) M2, MCA 10 (3.0) 6 (3.5) 10 (12.1) M3/M4, MCA 0 0 13 (15.7) ACA (A2/A3) 0 0 3 (3.6) PCA (P2) 0 0 2 (2.4) No occlusion 0 0 21 (25.3) - Table 2:
Quantitative evaluation of thrombus measurement in the internal test data (170 patients) and external validation data (34 patients with LVO) of PRoVe-ITa
Internal Validation Data (n = 170) External Validation Data (n = 34) DC (%) 70.7 (58.0–77.8) 66.8 (58.5–74.6) ASSD (mm) 0.38 (0.24 to 0.77) 0.56 (0.19−1.21) HD95 (mm) 1.31 (0.79−3.83) 3.05 (1.37−8.19) Reference length (mm) 20.3 (10.25–34.73) 12.11 (5.73–19.51) Prediction length (mm) 13.94 (6.32−25.76) 9.0 (3.4–21.74) 
−5.41 (−11.34 to −0.5) 0.0 (−6.12−8.2)
5.79 (1.79−11.37) 6.14 (2.81−12.27) Reference volume (mm³) 80.53 (49.92–155.39) 37.51 (29.19–78.3) Prediction volume (mm³) 71.9 (39.25–126.15) 58.14 (32.96–104.68)
(mm³)−0.9 (−3.41−0.33) 0.59 (−0.17−4.53)
(mm³)1.76 (0.71−4.23) 1.47 (0.5−4.62) Volume correlation 0.95 (0.89–0.98) 0.91 (0.84–0.96) ↵a Values are shown as medians with the IQR in parentheses.
and represent relative and absolute, error, respectively.
