Hyperglycemia and the Fate of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient–Defined Ischemic Penumbra

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Bruno A,
   2. Levine SR,
   3. Frankel MR,
   4. et al

   . Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. Neurology 2002; 59: 669–74

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Capes SE,
   2. Hunt D,
   3. Malmberg K,
   4. et al

   . Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke 2001; 32: 2426–32

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   1. Leigh R,
   2. Zaidat OO,
   3. Suri MF,
   4. et al

   . Predictors of hyperacute clinical worsening in ischemic stroke patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. Stroke 2004; 35: 1903–07

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   1. Fuentes B,
   2. Castillo J,
   3. San José B,
   4. et al

   . The prognostic value of capillary glucose levels in acute stroke. The GLycemia in Acute Stroke (GLIAS) study. Stroke 2009; 40: 562–68

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. Hamilton MG,
   2. Tranmer BI,
   3. Auer RN

   . Insulin reduction of cerebral infarction due to transient focal ischemia. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 262–68

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Pulsinelli WA,
   2. Waldman S,
   3. Rawlinson D,
   4. et al

   . Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: a neuropathologic study in the rat. Neurology 1982; 32: 1239–46

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   1. Rehncrona S,
   2. Rosén I,
   3. Siesjö BK

   . Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage: 1. Biochemistry and neurophysiology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1: 297–311

   PubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. Alvarez-Sabín J,
   2. Molina CA,
   3. Ribó M,
   4. et al

   . Impact of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome after thrombolysis: risk stratification in relation to time to reperfusion. Stroke 2004; 35: 2493–98

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   1. Baird TA,
   2. Parsons MW,
   3. Phanh T,
   4. et al

   . Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke 2003; 34: 2208–14

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Parsons MW,
    2. Barber PA,
    3. Desmond PM,
    4. et al

    . Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 20–28

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    1. Ribo M,
    2. Molina CA,
    3. Delgado P,
    4. et al

    . Hyperglycemia during ischemia rapidly accelerates brain damage in stroke patients treated with rtPa. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27: 1616–22

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. 12.↵
    1. Neumann-Haefelin T,
    2. Wittsack HJ,
    3. Wenserski F,
    4. et al

    . Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI. The DWI/PWI mismatch region in acute stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 1591–97

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Grandin CB,
    2. Duprez TP,
    3. Smith AM,
    4. et al

    . Which MR-derived perfusion parameters are the best predictors of infarct growth in hyperacute stroke? Comparative study between relative and quantitative measurements. Radiology 2002; 223: 361–70

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Parsons MW,
    2. Yang Q,
    3. Barber PA,
    4. et al

    . Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging maps in hyperacute stroke: relative cerebral blood flow most accurately identifies tissue destined to infarct. Stroke 2001; 32: 1581–87

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Albers GW,
    2. Thijs VN,
    3. Wechsler L,
    4. et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 2006; 60: 508–17

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    1. Montiel NH,
    2. Rosso C,
    3. Chupin N,
    4. et al

    . Automatic prediction of infarct growth in acute ischemic stroke from MR apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Acad Radiol 2008; 15: 77–83

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Hevia-Montiel N,
    2. Rosso C,
    3. Chupin M,
    4. et al

    . Automatic prediction of final infarct growth in acute ischemic stroke from MR apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Int J Comp Assist Radiol Surg 2006; 1: 115–17
18. 18.↵
    1. Rosso C,
    2. Hevia-Montiel N,
    3. Deltour S,
    4. et al

    . Prediction of infarct growth based on apparent diffusion coefficients: penumbral assessment without intravenous contrast material. Radiology 2009; 250: 184–92

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Detre JA,
    2. Zager EL,
    3. Alsop DC,
    4. et al

    . Correlation of diffusion MRI and heat shock protein in a rat embolic stroke model. J Neurol Sci 1997; 148: 163–69

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Na DG,
    2. Thijs VN,
    3. Albers GW,
    4. et al

    . Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute ischemia: value of apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensity thresholds in predicting tissue at risk and final infarct size. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: 1331–36

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    1. Oppenheim C,
    2. Grandin C,
    3. Samson Y,
    4. et al

    . Is there an apparent diffusion coefficient threshold in predicting tissue viability in hyperacute stroke? Stroke 2001; 32: 2486–91

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    1. Sakoh M,
    2. Ostergaard L,
    3. Gjedde A,
    4. et al

    . Prediction of tissue survival after middle cerebral artery occlusion based on changes in the apparent diffusion of water. J Neurosurg 2001; 95: 450–58

    PubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Schaefer PW,
    2. Ozsunar Y,
    3. He J,
    4. et al

    . Assessing tissue viability with MR diffusion and perfusion imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24: 436–43

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    1. Neumann-Haefelin T,
    2. du Mesnil de Rochemont R,
    3. Fiebach JB,
    4. et al

    . Effect of incomplete (spontaneous and postthrombolytic) recanalization after middle cerebral artery occlusion: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Stroke 2004; 35: 109–14

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
25. 25.↵
    1. Luby M,
    2. Bykowski JL,
    3. Schellinger PD,
    4. et al

    . Intra- and interrater reliability of ischemic lesion volume measurements on diffusion-weighted, mean transit time and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. Stroke 2006; 37: 2951–56

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    1. Stead LG,
    2. Gilmore RM,
    3. Arnand N,
    4. et al.

    Interventions for controlling hyperglycaemia in acute ischemic stroke. (Protocol) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005; Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005346. DOI:10.1002/14651858. CD005346
27. 27.↵
    1. McCormick MT,
    2. Muir KW,
    3. Gray CS,
    4. et al

    . Management of hyperglycemia in acute stroke: how, when, and for whom? Stroke 2008; 39: 2177–85

    FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    1. Samson Y,
    2. Bruandet M,
    3. Lejeune M,
    4. et al

    . Insulin in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Presse Med 2006; 35: 696–98

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Gray CS,
    2. Hildreth AJ,
    3. Sandercock PA,
    4. et al

    . Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 397–406

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. 30.↵
    1. Kent TA,
    2. Soukup VM,
    3. Fabian RH

    . Heterogeneity affecting outcome from acute stroke therapy: making reperfusion worse. Stroke 2001; 32: 2318–27

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
31. 31.↵
    1. Bruno A,
    2. Saha C,
    3. Williams LS,
    4. et al

    . IV insulin during acute cerebral infarction in diabetic patients. Neurology 2004; 62: 1441–42

    FREE Full Text
32. 32.↵
    1. Klijn CJ,
    2. Hankey GJ

    . American Stroke Association and European Stroke Initiative. Management of acute ischaemic stroke: new guidelines from the American Stroke Association and European Stroke Initiative. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 698–701

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    1. Kreisel SH,
    2. Berschin UM,
    3. Hammes HP,
    4. et al

    . Pragmatic management of hyperglycaemia in acute ischaemic stroke: safety and feasibility of intensive intravenous insulin treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 27: 167–75

    PubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Scott JF,
    2. Robinson GM,
    3. French JM,
    4. et al

    . Blood pressure response to glucose potassium insulin therapy in patients with acute stroke with mild to moderate hyperglycaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70: 401–04

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
35. 35.↵
    1. MR Stroke Collaborative Group,
    2. Phan TG,
    3. Donnan GA,
    4. et al

    . Proof-of-principle phase II MRI studies in stroke: sample size estimates from dichotomous and continuous data. Stroke 2006; 37: 2521–25

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
36. 36.↵
    1. Warach S

    . Use of diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging as a tool in acute stroke clinical trials. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2001; 2: 38–44

    CrossRefPubMed