Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Time-of-flight MR angiography, though widely used after coil embolization, is associated with limitations owing to magnetic susceptibility and radiofrequency shielding following stent-assisted coil embolization. We evaluated the pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA) sequence in subtraction-based MRA (qMRA) using an ultrashort TE relative to TOF-MRA during the follow-up of stent-assisted coil embolization for anterior circulation aneurysms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients (3 men and 22 women; mean age, 59.1 ± 14.0 years) underwent stent-assisted coil embolization for anterior circulation aneurysms and were retrospectively evaluated using TOF-MRA and PETRA qMRA data from the same follow-up session. Two neuroradiologists independently reviewed both MRA findings and subjectively graded flow within the stents (relative to the latest DSA findings) and occlusion status (complete occlusion or neck/aneurysm remnant). Interobserver and intermodality agreement for TOF-MRA and PETRA qMRA were evaluated.
RESULTS: The mean score for flow visualization within the stents was significantly higher in PETRA qMRA than in TOF-MRA (P < .001 for both observers), and good interobserver agreement was reported (κ = 0.63). The aneurysm occlusion status of PETRA qMRA (observer 1, 92.0%; observer 2, 88.0%) was more consistent with DSA than with TOF-MRA (observer 1, 76.0%; observer 2, 80.0%), and there was a better intermodality agreement between DSA and PETRA qMRA than between DSA and TOF-MRA.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that PETRA qMRA is a useful follow-up technique for patients who have undergone stent-assisted coil embolization for anterior circulation aneurysms.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- PETRA
- pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition
- qMRA
- subtraction-based MRA
Stent-assisted coil embolization has been widely used for cases in which conventional coil embolization is considered difficult, such as in wide-neck aneurysms. Considering the possibility of recanalization, follow-up imaging is important even after complete occlusion has been achieved. DSA is considered the criterion standard for follow-up to evaluate intra-aneurysmal flow or in-stent restenosis; however, this technique has risks associated with contrast media, procedural invasiveness, and radiation exposure. Contrast-enhanced MRA provides visualization of the remnant neck and stented segments that is similar to that of DSA.1⇓–3 However, contrast-enhanced MRA has contrast-associated risks, including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, anaphylaxis, gadolinium deposition, and the potential for misdiagnosing perianeurysmal enhancement as recanalization.
Nonenhanced TOF-MRA is another established technique used for follow-up after coil embolization. Specifically, it is useful for the evaluation of the residual lumen of aneurysms.4 However, this approach is difficult in cases with stent-assisted coil embolization because visualizing blood flow within intracranial stents and the parent artery is complicated by radiofrequency shielding and susceptibility artifacts.2,5 These can obscure the neck remnant and adjacent structures as a result of signal loss. Several trials have attempted to overcome these problems when using MRA after stent-assisted coil embolization.6⇓⇓⇓–10 For example, ultrashort-TE MRA is known to decrease the susceptibility artifacts caused by metallic devices and to increase the signal intensity within the stent.11,12 Recently, a few studies7⇓–9 have highlighted the efficacy of Silent MRA (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) using an ultrashort TE after stent-assisted coil embolization. The present study evaluated another nonenhanced MRA technique using ultrashort TE, known as pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA). Our results indicate that PETRA showed a higher SNR compared with the conventional ultrashort TE. This was due to a shorter encoding time for whole k-space, which was required before the signal decayed.13 To the best of our knowledge, PETRA with subtraction-based MRA (qMRA) has not been studied following stent-assisted coil embolization. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate its utility relative to TOF-MRA during follow-up after stent-assisted coil embolization for anterior circulation aneurysms.
Materials and Methods
Patients
This retrospective study evaluated 25 patients (22 women and 3 men; mean age, 59.1 ± 14.0 years) who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization for unruptured aneurysms in the anterior circulation (24 cases in the paraclinoid segment of the ICA, 1 case in the anterior communicating artery) between September 2017 and October 2018. All subjects underwent TOF-MRA and PETRA qMRA during the same follow-up session. The retrospective protocol of the study was approved by the Inje University Busan Paik Hospital institutional review board.
Eighteen patients were treated using a Neuroform stent (Stryker Neurovascular, Kalamazoo, Michigan), 6 patients were treated with an Enterprise stent (Codman & Shurtleff, Raynham, Massachusetts), and 1 patient was treated using both stents. Endovascular therapy and DSA were performed using a biplane angiographic unit (Integris V, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands; or Artis zee biplane system, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Complete occlusion was identified in 15 cases, and a residual neck was observed in 10 cases, based on the latest DSA findings.
Imaging Acquisition
Intracranial TOF-MRA and PETRA qMRA were performed during the same follow-up session using 3T MR imaging (Magnetom Skyra; Siemens) with a 64-channel head-neck coil. The PETRA qMRA technique has been described previously14 and is commercially available. Briefly, labeled and control data were obtained; the labeled data were applied to the slice-selective saturation pulse for the carotid artery (ie, arterial inflow appears dark). The saturation pulse of control data was applied to the 10 mm above the vertex of the head, and the subtracted MRA showed dark background tissue and suppressed venous flow. The detailed scan parameters for PETRA qMRA: TR/TE, 3.52/0.07 ms; flip angle, 6°; FOV, 230 × 230 mm; matrix, 320 × 320; radial sampling, 20,000 radial spokes; voxel size, 0.72 × 0.72 × 0.72 mm3; section thickness, 0.72 mm; NEX, 1; bandwidth, 363 Hz/pixel; slice-selective saturation pulse applied once per 20 TRs; and acquisition time, 2 minutes 10 seconds. The detailed scan parameters for TOF-MRA: TR/TE, 24/3.99 ms; flip angle, 20°; FOV, 220 × 177 mm; matrix, 576 × 302; voxel size, 0.38 × 0.38 × 0.38 mm3; section thickness, 0.6 mm; NEX, 1; bandwidth, 185 Hz/pixel; acquisition time, 6 minutes 40 seconds; number of slab, 6. The maximum intensity projections for both sequences were reconstructed in the same manner as the DSA images.
Image Analysis
Two neuroradiologists independently reviewed both MRA findings at 2-week intervals and subjectively graded the visualization of flow within each stent (relative to the latest DSA findings) using the following scale: 1, no signal within the stent; 2, slightly visible but not of diagnostic quality due to image blurring; 3, good quality with minimal blurring; or 4, excellent quality. The occlusion status of the coiled aneurysm was also evaluated. The locations of the aneurysms were provided to the observers, but they were blinded to the DSA results. However, observers were not blinded to the type of MR images because the 2 MR images are distinctively different in appearance. One experienced interventional neuroradiologist also assessed the occlusion status of the coiled aneurysm using the Montreal Neurological Institute scale.15 Specifically, patients were rated as having complete occlusion, subtotal occlusion (residual neck, residual aneurysm), or incomplete occlusion. The latest DSA images were used as references, and the average interval between the latest DSA and the MRA follow-up was 16 months, with a range of 1 day to 127 months.
Statistical Analyses
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. We compared the mean scores for each MRA technique and type of intracranial stent using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Mann-Whitney test. Weighted κ coefficients were used to evaluate the interobserver and intermodality agreement for TOF-MRA and PETRA qMRA. The results were classified as poor (<0.20), fair (0.21–0.40), moderate (0.41–0.60), good (0.61–0.80), or excellent (0.81–1.00).16 All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (Version 24.0; IBM, Armonk, New York) and MedCalc for Windows (Version 18.11.3; MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). P values < .05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean score for assessing blood flow within the intracranial stent was significantly higher in the PETRA qMRA than in the TOF-MRA (observer one: 3.40 ± 0.87 for PETRA qMRA and 2.20 ± 0.87 for TOF-MRA, P < .001; observer two: 3.60 ± 0.76 for PETRA qMRA and 2.44 ± 0.77 for TOF-MRA, P < .001) with good interobserver agreement for both MRA techniques (κ = 0.63 for PETRA qMRA, 95% CI, 0.35–0.90; κ = 0.63 for TOF-MRA, 95% CI, 0.43–0.83). The Neuroform stents (open-cell design) were associated with higher scores than the Enterprise stents (closed-cell design) for both PETRA qMRA and TOF-MRA; however, no significant differences were detected between the 2 intracranial stents (Table 1). On the basis of the latest DSA findings, complete occlusion was achieved in 15 cases (60.0%) and a residual neck was observed in 10 cases (40.0%). PETRA qMRA findings were consistent with DSA findings in 23 cases (92.0%) according to observer 1 and 22 cases (88.0%) according to observer 2. Therefore, the intermodality agreement between PETRA qMRA and DSA was excellent according to observer 1 (weighted κ = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.60–1.00) and good according to observer 2 (weighted κ = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.47–1.00) (Table 2). However, only 19 cases (76.0%) of TOF-MRA findings were consistent with DSA according to observer 1 and 20 cases (80.0%) according to observer 2. Thus, the intermodality agreement between TOF-MRA and DSA was moderate in both observer 1 (weighted κ= 0.44; 95% CI, 0.12–0.77) and observer 2 (weighted κ = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.23–0.86) (Figs 1 and 2).
Comparison of PETRA qMRA and TOF-MRA according to stent designa
Comparison of occlusion status of coiled aneurysms between PETRA qMRA and TOF-MRAa
A 54-year-old man with a left paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization using a Neuroform stent. A, The follow-up DSA reveals the neck remnant (arrow). B, The PETRA qMRA reveals minimal signal loss at the stent insertion site, and the neck remnant is clearly visible (arrow). C, The TOF-MRA reveals mild signal loss at the stent insertion site and a less prominent neck remnant relative to the PETRA qMRA.
A 70-year-old woman with a right paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization using an Enterprise stent. A, The follow-up DSA reveals the neck remnant (arrows). B, The PETRA qMRA reveals minimal signal loss at the stent-insertion-site remnant (arrow), and the neck remnant is clearly visible. C, The TOF-MRA reveals marked signal loss at the stent-insertion-site remnant (arrow) and poor differentiation of the prominent neck remnant relative to PETRA qMRA.
Discussion
The present study revealed that PETRA qMRA provided better visualization of intracranial stent flow than TOF-MRA, regardless of stent type. Furthermore, PETRA qMRA showed higher intermodality agreement with DSA than TOF-MRA. In the 2 cases in which PETRA qMRA failed to detect the residual neck, the intervals between the last DSA and the MRA were 31 and 15 months. Santillan et al17 reported cumulative occlusion after the first treatment, and our cases may have involved progressive occlusion within the aneurysms. In cases in which PETRA qMRA identified the residual neck, its configuration was more similar to DSA findings than to TOF-MRA findings. These results suggest that PETRA qMRA could be a useful imaging technique following stent-assisted coil embolization.
The increased use of intracranial stent placement has also increased the difficulty of using follow-up imaging to assess the recanalization status or stability of the stent. Although DSA is an established technique for follow-up, it also has risks related to contrast media (eg, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis), neurologic complications (eg, embolic infarction),18 and radiation exposure. Contrast-enhanced MRA provides better delineation of the parent artery and is correlated with DSA findings; however, it can also cause contrast-related complications. Furthermore, contrast-enhanced MRA can produce a false-positive result that indicates a residual neck, which is caused by peripheral enhancement of the thrombus or vasa vasorum within the aneurysmal wall.19,20 In contrast, TOF-MRA is a noninvasive imaging technique that is used following intracranial stent insertion. However, TOF-MRA is prone to susceptibility artifacts, which can generate false-positive or false-negative results at the stent insertion site. Various trials have attempted to overcome these problems.4,10,21 Additionally, some reports have described the value of the ultrashort-TE technique in this setting,4,6⇓⇓–9 which can significantly reduce susceptibility artifacts and decrease the phase dispersion of labeled flow.22,23
Irie et al6 reported that Silent MRA with an ultrashort TE is useful for visualizing flow within an intracranial stent and the occlusion status of aneurysms. Furthermore, there is a strong positive correlation between the results obtained using Silent MRA and DSA. PETRA qMRA also uses an ultrashort TE, and our findings indicate that the results from this technique are strongly correlated with those from Silent MRA. Similar to Silent MRA, PETRA qMRA uses subtraction of scanned images from before and after labeling. This makes it difficult to assess static tissue and may prevent detection of in-stent thrombus, which is visualized as a high-intensity signal during TOF-MRA. Although in-stent thrombosis can occasionally occur after stent insertion for atherosclerotic stenosis, it is uncommon and usually asymptomatic or it spontaneously regresses in patients who undergo stent-assisted coil embolization.17,24 PETRA qMRA is associated with poorer imaging quality than TOF-MRA, which is another disadvantage of PETRA qMRA, like Silent MRA. Although, Silent MRA is associated with better background suppression, it has been reported that it showed more blurring and a lower SNR than TOF-MRA because of its longer readout time.25 Conversely, PETRA qMRA had a shorter acquisition time (approximately 2 minutes) than Silent MRA and TOF-MRA (approximately 6–7 minutes) using a highly undersampled outer k-space.13
The degree of artifacts associated with an intracranial stent can vary according to the material, cell design, and strut thickness. For example, previous reports have indicated that stents made using stainless steel or cobalt are associated with more artifacts than nitinol stents.10,26,27 The present study included only patients who were treated with nitinol stents, albeit with different cell designs (open cell versus closed cell) and strut thicknesses. Although the Neuroform stent has an open-cell design, thinner struts, and better intrastent flow than the Enterprise stent (a closed-cell design with thicker struts), there were no significant differences between the 2 intracranial stents according to the analyses of the 2 observers. We believe that this was due to the small sample size of this study. Similarly, previous studies5,21,28 have demonstrated that the Neuroform stent generated fewer artifacts than the Enterprise stent because the thinner struts generated less radiofrequency shielding.5,7,11
The present study has several limitations. First, the retrospective design is prone to selection bias. Second, there was a long interval between the latest DSA and MRA, which may indicate that the patients were evaluated with MRA when they were at a slightly different status from that in their last DSA. However, we do not regularly perform DSA for patients who do not show evidence of recanalization during follow-up MRA due to the invasiveness of the procedure and the possibility of neurologic complications. Therefore, shorter intervals between the latest DSA and MRA could not be achieved. Additionally, we did not compare our results with those of contrast-enhanced MRA, which is considered a useful follow-up technique for stent-assisted coil embolization.21,29 Thus, future studies comparing PETRA qMRA with contrast-enhanced MRA are necessary. Furthermore, we evaluated cases that involved nitinol stents, which have fewer artifacts than stents made using other materials. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether our findings are consistent with the use of stainless steel, platinum, and cobalt stents. Finally, this study had a small sample size; future studies should include a large sample size to confirm the effectiveness of PETRA qMRA.
Conclusions
Our results show that PETRA qMRA provides clear visualization of intracranial stent flow in the anterior circulation. Additionally, PETRA qMRA was more similar to the occlusion status of DSA than TOF-MRA. Overall, it appears that PETRA qMRA could be a useful follow-up technique for patients who have undergone stent-assisted coil embolization for anterior circulation aneurysms.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kang Soo Kim (Siemens Healthcare, Korea) for technical advice.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Young Jin Heo—RELATED: Grant: 2018 Inje University research grant.
This work was supported by the 2018 Inje University research grant.
REFERENCES
- Received November 23, 2018.
- Accepted after revision March 11, 2019.
- © 2019 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
