Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
A, Atrophy of the brain. On the left, a section of the hemibrain of a 70-year-old patient with AD and, on the right, a healthy aged control brain. The AD brain shows marked atrophy, dilation of the lateral ventricle, and a small hippocampus. B, Neurofibrillary tangles (N) and neuritic plaques (P) in the hippocampus. Modified Bielschowsky silver impregnation. C, β-amyloidosis in the frontal lobe: a diffuse plaque (D), a cored plaque (C), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (A). β-amyloid (10D5) immunohistochemistry. D, Neurofibrillary tangles (N) and neuritic plaques (P) in the frontal lobe. Phosphorylated ô immunohistochemistry.
- Fig 2.
Diagrammatic representation of APP processing. APP is a transmembrane protein with both extra- and intracellular components. APP is processed by 2 competing pathways. The α-secretase pathway generates sAPPα and C83 protein by cleavage of the α-secretase enzyme (α). In the β-secretase pathway, the enzyme β-secretase (β) cleaves APP into an sAPPβ fragment and a C99 fragment. The C99 fragment is further cleaved by γ-secretase enzyme (γ) into an amyloid β fragment (Aβ) and an AICD fragment. The Aβ fragments polymerize. The oligomers and polymers exhibit neurotoxicity. As polymerization proceeds to more complex forms, senile plaques are developed. The C83 fragment is also further processed. However, the function of its products is not fully understood. (The relative sizes of the protein fragments are not drawn to scale.)
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